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LYCURGUS 

A  TRANSLATION 

B  Y 

CHARLES    M.  MOSS 


503205 


The  oration  against  Leooiates  ia  the  only 
one  extant  of  the  orator  Lyourgus.     Its  length 
atones  in  .part  fox   trie  absence  of  other  speeches, 
for  his  style  and  nis  method  of  developing  his 
arguments  are  sufficiently  shown  in  it.    The  temper 
of  the  discourse  discloses  his  attitude  toward  the 
events  and  men  he  is  dealing  with.     He  v.- as  a  public 
leader  as  well  as  an  orator. 

One  may  say,   then,  that  the  speech  is  an 
elaborate  discussion  of  the  Atnenian  idea  of 
loyalty  to  the  state,     it  mentions  what  one  may  or 
may  not  do  to  preserve  his  r  i.ntful  attitude  toward 
the  state,  and  not,  as  Leocrates  did,  violate  all 
sanctities  and  all  nobility  of  citizenship  by  a 


oraven  scurrying  away  from  Athens  at  a  moment 
of  national  peril. 

The  style  is  serious,  intense,  well- 
ordered,  and  not  much  disturbed  by  his  passion 
against  the  defendant's  conduct,  and  it  is  not 
confused  when  he  goes  into  the  details  of 
Leocrates*  history.     One  meets  no  rambling  sen- 
tences such  as  Andocides  uses,  crowding  one  thing 
after  another  into  a  sentence  till  it  ends  in 
something  quite  distinct.    Lycurgus  loses  by 
his  lack  of  familiar  address,  but  sustains  himself 
by  reiterated  emphasis  upon  a  few  points.    As  in 
most  of  the  orations  of  that  era,  he  does  not 
spare  his  denunciations  of  the  defendant. 

He  quotes  from  several  authors  to  support 
his  contention,  the  longest  example  being  from 


Ill 

a  lost  play  of  Euripides.     These  lines  are  in 
keeping  with  Lycurgus1  mood.     They  are  apt, 
but  they  are  mechanic  al,  net  to  say  unfeeling, 
are  too  masculine,  too  determinedly  argued  to 
suit  the  character  even  of  a  patriotic  queen. 

Lycurgus    appears  to  make  a  strong  case 
about  Leoerates,  but  one  is  not  quite  sure  that 
it  is  so  strong  against  him.     The  jury  had  the 
same  view,  for  its  vote  was  tied.     He  must  be 
set  down  as  a  rather  stern,  uncompromising  speaker 
and  leader. 

The  word  Court  is  capitalized  when  it 
refers  to  the  aeropagitic  court,  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  ordinary  jury  court. 

This  is  the  second  of  three  volumes 
which  include  translations  of  the  orations  of 


IV 


An&oci&es,  Lycurgus,  Dinarohus  and  Demades. 

University  of  Illinois 
April  15,  1922. 


AGAINST  LBOCRATES 


Against  Leocrates 


j?or  your  sake,  Athenians,  and  in  reverence 
for  the  gods,  I  shall  make  a  just  and  respectful 
beginning  of  tne  accusation  against  tne  defendant 
Leocrates.     I  pray  Athena  and  trie  other  gods  and 
demigods  enshrined  in  our  city  and  country  to  make 
me  today  a  competent  accuser  ox  nis  crimes,  if  I 
nave  justly  sued  and  baring  to  trial  tne  betrayer 
of  tneir  temples,  statues,  sacred  precincts,  law- 
ful uonors  and  sacrifices  handed  down  by  our  fore- 
fat  aers.     (2)  It  is  uoth  i;he  people's  and  the  city's 
interest  tnat  you  who  deliberate  for  fathers  and 
cnildren,   wives,  country  and  sanctuaries,  and  nave 
the  betrayer  of  them  all  subject  to  your  uallot,  be 
implacable  judges  ooth  now  and  nereafter  of  tnose 


wno  transgress  in  sucn  important  matters.    But  if  i 
am  not  cringing  to  trial  tae  betrayer  of  tne  country 
and  a  man  who  deserted  the  city  and  its  temples,  I 
pray  for  his  acquittal  both  by  gods  and  uy  you  jury- 
men. 

(o)  I  oould  wish,  gentlemen,  as  it  is  ad- 
vantageous to  tue  oity  Gnat  tnere  be  accusers  of 
transgressors,  so  also  that  tneir  action  be  regarded 
in  a  friendly  way  oy  tne  people.     But  iz  nas  come  to 
tnis,  that  if  one  takes  personal  risks  and  gains 
enmity  in  serving  trie  public,  iie  seems  to  be,  not 
public  spirited,    out  a  ousyoody,  wnich  is  neither 
just  nor  helpful  to  one  city,     ror  tnere  are  tnree 
things  wnich  chiefly  protect  and  preserve  democracy 
and  the  well-being  of  the  city,   (4)  tne  code  of 
laws,   tne  ballot  of  juries,  and  tne  suit  wnich  lays 


crimes  before  them.     rihie  law  is  to  set  forth  what 
may  not  be  done,  the  accuser  is  to  lay  charges 
against  those  wno  are  amenable  to  punisnment  under 
the  laws,  tne  juryman  is  to  punish  those  wno  are 
specified  i>o  nim  by  taese  two.    ij'or  this  reason 
neither  ballot  ox  jurors  nor  law  nas  significance 
apart  from  him  wno  delivers  culprits  to  them. 
(5)  How  I,  Athenians,  knowing  that  Leocrates 
snirked  banger  in  behalf  of  his  country,  left  his 
fellow  citizens  in  the  lurch,   betrayed  all  your 
power,  and  is  noldeu  to  all  tne  enactments  relating 
to  it,  nave  brought  tnis  indictment  uninfluenced  oy 
hatred  or  contentiousness,   or  because  I  deliberately 
c  iufc>e  to  oring  this  suit,   but  because  1  tuought  iu 
disgraceful  for  a  man  uo  enter  the  market-place  and 
look  about,  and  to  participate  in  i;he  public  rites, 


wno  litis  become  a  reproach  to  the  country  and  to  you 
all.     (6)  It  is  tne  business  of  a  juso  citizen  not 
to  bring  uo  trial  from  personal  enmity  those  wno  do 
tne  city  no  wrong,   but  to  regard  as  personal  foes 
those  «h©  do  any  illegal  act  against  tne  country, 
and  to  tninjsc  tnat  public  crimes  are  public  matters, 
and  to  give  reasons  for  nis  objections  to  tne  doers. 

(7)  Everyone  muse  grant  tnat  publie  suits 
are  important,  particularly  tne  one  about  wnich  you 
are  soon  to  cast  your  ballot.    *  or  ..nenever  you  try 
cases  for  illegal  proposals,  you  are  rectifying 
one  point  only  and  preventing  one  action,   in  so  far 
as  tne  decree  would  injure  tne  city.     The  present 
suit,  however,  includes  no  small  part  of  the  city s 
interests  and  covers  no  brief  time,   but  for  tne 
wiiole  country  and  for  all  time  will  leave  a 


memorable  case  for  our  posterity.     (8)  So  terrible 
is  the  crime  and  of  such  importance  til  at  no  adequate 
accusation  or  penalty  for  it  can  be  found,  and  none 
is  defined  in  the  lav;s.     tost  ought  a  man  to  suffer 
v.iio  *ho  deserted  his  country,  did  not  protect  the 
fanes  of  his  fathers,  left  his  family  graves  in 
neglect  and  made  the  Whole  land  subject  bo  its 
enemies?    The  greatest  and  severest  penalty,  death, 
stands  as  a  compulsory  assessment  under  the  laws, 
but  it  is  less  than  the  crimes  of  Leo crates  deserve, 
(y)  It  nas  come  aoout,  gentlemen,   that  a  penalty 
for  such  crimes  nas  oeen  omitted,  not  through  the 
indifference  of  former  law-givers,   but  because  tnere 
was  no  such  crime  in  former  days,  nor  was  one  ever 
expected  in  the  future,    i'or  this  reason  you  have  the 
important  dut^  of  being  not  only  judges  of  the  crime, 


but  also  law-makers.     Such  crimes  as  the  law  defines 
you  can  readily  use  as  a  guide  in  punisning  male- 
factors, but  those  which  it  does  not  expressly 
include  in  its  wording,  or  if  someone  commits  a  crime 
greater  than  tne  law  and  becomes  amenable  to  all 
laws  alike,  your  decision  necessarily  becomes  a 
precedent  for  your  descendants.     (10)  Be  sure, 
gentlemen,   tnat  you  will  also  incline  all  tne  young 
to  virtue.    Pot  tne  re  are  two  things  tnat  train  the 
young,    the  punishment  of  evil  doers  and  the  reward 
given  to  noble  men.     Looking  at  tnese  in  turn  they 
avoid  the  one  through  fear  and  desire  the  otner  for 
the  sake  of  their  reputation.     therefore,  gentlemen, 
you  must  give  need  to  tnis  trial  and  place  nothing 
before  justice. 

(11)  I  shall  make  a  just  accusation,  neither 


1    9  vHJ" 


falsifying  anything  nor  speaking  outside  the  case. 
Most  of  linose  who  come  before  you  act  absurdly, 
for  tney  eitner  discuss  public  affairs  or  condemn 
and  rail  about  everything  except  wnat  you  are  to 
vote  upon.     I u  is  not  nard  to  express  an  opinion 
about  what  you  are  not  considering,  or  to  bring 
a  charge  about  sometning  that  no  one  nill  defend. 
(12)  But  it  is  not  fair  for  you  to  expect  to  cast 
a  just  ballot  and  for  tnem  not  to  make  a  just 
charge.     You  are  responsible  for  onis,  gentlemen, 
for  you  nave  granted  this  license  to  men  coming 
here  altnough  you  nave  trie  finest  example  of  any  of 
the  Greeks  in  the  areopagitic  court,  whicn  differs 
so  much  from  other  courts  that  it  is  confessed  by 
taose  ¥viiom  It  convicts  that  it  affords  an  impartial 
trial.     (li>)  With  this  in  mind,  it  is  your  duty  not 


8 

to  be  influenced  by  those  who  speak:  irrelevantly, 
for,   by  doing  so,  the  suit  will  oe  free  from 
slander  against  the  defendants,  the  plaintiffs  will 
least  become  sycophants,  and  you  will  cast  your 
ballot  in  full  accord  with  your  oath.     It  is  im- 
possible to  cast  a  just  ballot  if  you  nave  been 
wrongly  instructed. 

(14)  You  must  not  overlook  this,  gentlemen, 
that  the  suit  is  not  the- same  in  this  man's  case 
and  that  of  other  private  citizens.     You  might 
appear  among  yourselves  to  have  voted  well  or  ill 
about  a  man  unknown  to  the  Greeks,  but  whatever 
you  decide  about  this  man  will  be  told  among  all 
the  Greeks  ?^ho  know  that  tne  achievements  of  your 
forefathers  are  far  different  from  tnis  rnan's^.  ?or 
he  is  conspicuous  because  of  his  voyage  to  Rhodes, 


UO OB 


and  for  the  statement  wnioh  he  made  aoout  you 
both  to  the  Rhodians  and   go  the  importers  stopping 
there.     (15)  Tnese  men  sail  about  the  whole  world 
on  business  and  told  what  they  heard  Leoorates 
say  about  our  city.     So  it  is  very  important  that 
you  advise  correctly  aoout  him.     Be  sure,  Athenians, 
tnat  wnerein  you  differ  most  from  otner  peoples, 
in  reverence  for  the  gods,  respect  for  parents, 
pride  in  the  fatherland,  you  would  seem  to  be  most 
neglectful  if  tnis  man  should  escape  punishment  at 
your  nands. 

(16)  I  ask  you,  Athenians,  to  near  my 
accusation  to  the  end,  and  not  to  be  vexed  if  I 
begin  with  what  befell  the  city  at  that  time,  but 
to  be  angry  at  those  who  caused  it  and  compel  me 
to  call  attention  to  them. 


10 

V/nen  tne  battle  of  Chaeronia  had  taken 
place  and  all  ox  you  nad  gathered  at  tne  assembly, 
the  people  voted  to  bring  the  women  and  children 
from  the  country  within  the  walls,  and  the  generals 
to  form  guards  of  the  Athenians  and  others  living 
at  Athens,  as  they  thought  best.     (17)  Leocrates 
heeded  nothing  of  this,   out  got  together  what 
property  he  nad,  and  his  servants  helped  him  carry 
it  to  the  boat  already  anchored  off  the  shore. 
Late  in  the  evening  ne  and  nis  mistress,  sirenis, 
went  to  the  boat  through  tne  gate  along  Acte  and 
sailed  away  in  flight,  without  regard  for  the  har- 
bors of  the  city  from  whicn  he  was  putting  to  sea, 
or  respect  for  tne  walls  of  the  country  which  he 
left  unprotected  as  far  as  he  was  concerned.  i;or 
did  he  fear  as  he  beheld  and  betrayed  the  acropolis 


11 

and  the  temple  of  Zeus  Savior,  and  of  Atnena 
Protectress.     Yet  he  soon  will  appeal  oo  them  to 
save  him  from  his  peril.     (16)  He  disemoariied  and 
oame  to  Rhodes  as  if  announcing  great  good  fortune 
for  his  country,  and  told  them  that  he  had  left  the 
city  captured,  the  Piraeus  uesieged,  and  nimself 
barely  got  away  with  his  life.     Ee  was  not  ashamed 
oo  proclaim  the  misfortune ■ of  nis  country  as  nis 
own  salvation.     So  thoroughly  did  tne  Hhodians 
believe  this  s&ory  that  they  manned  triremes  and 
drew  the  snipping  to  shore,  v^nile  tnose  importers 
and  shipowners  whQ  were  ready  bo  sail  nitner  un- 
shipped their  grain  and  other  freight  on  the  spot 
oecause  of  his  tale.     (19)  to  show  you  that  I  speaic 
the  truth,  the  clerk  will  read  all  the  testimony  to 
you,  first,  of  the  neighbors  and  ox  tnose  living 


12 

tnereabouts  wuo  Know  tnat  he  fled  in  war-time  and 
sailed  away  from  Athens,  and  then  ox  tnose  who  were 
at  Rhodes  when  leocrates  told  his  story,  and  after 
that  the  testimony  of  phrynicus  who,  most  of  you 
Know,  denounced  him  before  ohe  people  oecause  he 
had  greatly  injured  tne  impost  tax  oy  participating 
in  it, 

(20)  Before  the  witnesses  come  to  the  plat- 
form I  want  to  speak  to  you  briefly,     You  certainly 
are  not  ignorant,  gentlemen,  of  the  scuemes  ox 
accused  persons,  nor  tne  appeals  of  those  beseecning 
you,   but  you  Know  well  enough  tnat  for  money  or 
favor  many  witnesses  nave  been  persuaded  to  forget, 
or  not  to  come  here,  or  to  find  some  other  excuse. 
Do  you  demand  that  the  witnesses  come  to  tne  platform, 
not  in  dread  nor  to  make  personal  advantage  of  more 


15 

concern  than  yourselves  and  the  city,  but  to  ren- 
der truth  and  justice  to  the  country,  and  not  to 
shirk  this  duty  in  imitation  of  Leocrates,  nor, 
with  hands  on  the  sacred  emblems,  as  the  law  directs, 
to  swear  that  they  are  ignorant  of  the  facts. 

Read  the  testimony.* 

TESTIMONIES 

(£1)  After  this,  gentlemen,  as  time  passed 
and  ships  came  from  Athens  to  Rhodes,  and  it  appeared 
tnat  nothing  unusual  nad  Happened  to  the  city,  again 
he  sails  in  terror  from  Rhodes  to  Megara.     There  he 
lived  more  than  five  years  "with  a  Megarian  as  patron, 
with  no  respect  for  the  boundaries  of  tne  land,  an 
alien  in  a  neighboring  country,  and  away  from  the 
one  country  that  nourished  him.     (22)  He  had  so 
*Addressed,  here  and  elsewhere,  to  the  Cleric  of  tine  court. 


lo  LilJ  I 


9ii< 


14 

condemned  himself  to  permanent  exile  that  he  bent 
for  Amyntas,  wno  married  an  elder  sister,  and  An- 
tigenes  of  Xypete,   one  of  nis  friends,  and  begged 
nis  relative  to  buy  nis  slaves  and  nouse  and  sell 
tnem  for  a  talent.     He  directed  nim  to  pay  his  debts 
and  nis  loans  from  this  sum  and  to  return  tne  rest 
to  him.     (25)  When  Amyntas  had  adjusted  all  tnese 
matters,  he  sold  the  slaves  again  for  thirty  minae 
to  Timocnares,  the  Acharnian,  who  married  the  man's 
younger  sister.    As  Timochares  did  not  have  the  money 
t0  pay,  he  made  a  contract  and  deposited  it  i ith 
Lysicles,  and  paid  a  mina  as  interest  to  Amyntas.  in 
order  that  you  may  not  imagine  this  to  be  a  mere  story, 
but  may  kno?*  that  it  is  the  truth,  the  clerk  will 
read  to  you  the  testimony  of  these  persons-.  If 
Amyntas  were  alive  I  should  present  nim,  too.     as  it 


15 

is,  I  snail  call  before  you  those  who  know  the 
facts.     Please  read  the  testimony,  that  Amyntas 
bought  tne  slaves  and  the  house  from  Leocrates  in 
Megara. 

TESTIMONY 

(24)  Listen  also  now  Philomelus,  the  Gho- 
largian,  and  Menelaus,   envoy  to  the  king,  received 
forty  talents  from  Amyntas. 

TESTIMONY 

Please  read  also  the  testimony  of  Timochares 
wno  bougnt  the  slaves  from  Amyntas  for  thirty  five 
tninae,  and  tne  agreements. 

TESTIMONY  AGREEMENTS 

(25)  You  have  heard  the  witnesses,  gentlemen. 
You  ougnt  to   be  stirred  go  detest  tnis  Leocrates 
for  what  I  am  auout  to  say.     For  it  was  not  enough 


16 

for  him  merely  to  withdraw  his  person  and  his 
property,   but  he  also  sent  for  and  removed  from 
our  country  to  l.legara  tne  sacred  objects  wnicn  His 
forefathers  handea  down  according  to  your  lawful 
and  inherited  customs.     He  aad  no  reverence  for 
the  name  of  tnese  ancient  sanctities,  for  he  re- 
moved them  from  the  country  and  took  them  with  him 
into  exile.    He  deserted  the  temples  and  country 
vi/here  they  were  and  estaolished  tnem  upon  a  foreign 
and  alien  soil,  by  uhat  acc  making  them  strangers 
botn  to  the  land  and  tne  usual  customs  oi  tne  people 
of  Megara.     (26)  Your  fathers  named  the  country 
Athens  after  Athena  who  was  allotted  tnis  territory, 
in  order  tnat  those  wno  venerated  trie  goddess  might 
not  desert  a  city  named  after  uer .    But  leocrates 
so  far  as  ne  could  by  nis  disregard  of  custom, 


17 

native  country  and  temples,  made  even  the  favor 
of  the  gods  a  matter  of  export.     He  was  not 
satisfied  to  wrong  the  city  in  tnat  degree  and 
manner,  out  ;,nile  he  lived  in  Megara  he  used  the 
funds  whicn  he  had  transferred  from  iiere  as  capital, 
procured  grain  from  Cleopatra  in  Epirus,  and  brought 
it  to  Leucas  and  thence  to  Corinth.     (£7)  And  yet, 
gentlemen,  your  laws  set  tne  extremest  penalty 
upon  wnoever  of  tne  Athenians  carries  grain  else- 
where tnan  to  your  ports.     Furthermore,  now  that  you 
have  tnis  man  in  the  power  of  your  oallots,  a  traitor 
in  the  war,  a  lawless  importer,  a  man  without  regard 
for  temples,  country  or  laws;  will  you  not  kill  him 
and  make  him  an  example  to  others?    Truly  you  would 
be  the  most  indulgent  of  men  and  least  indignant  at 
grave  crimes. 


18 

(28)  Also,  gentlemen,  do  you  pay  heed  to 
these  matters  as  I  make  a  just  review  of  them,  for 
I  do  not  believe  that  you  should  vote  upon  such 
crimes  haphazard,  but  when  you  know  the  truth,  not 
that  the  witnesses  will  furnish  proof  in  their 
testimony,   out  that  they  nave  done  so.    For  I 
challenged  them  in  a  written  summons  aoout  all  these 
matters  and  demanded  that  this  man's  slaves  be 
tortured.     The  summons  is  worth  hearing,  please 
read  it. 

SUMMONS 

(29)  You  near  the  summons,  gentlemen.  Leo- 
orates  did  not  accept  it  and  thereby  condemned  him- 
self as  a  traitor  to  the  country,  for  the  man  who 
avoids  proof  coming  from  those  who  know  tne  facts 
confesses  that  the  charges  are  true,    \mo  of  you  does 


19 

not  Know  that  it  is  more  just  and.  democratic  in 
disputed  questions  when  men  and  women  slaves  Know 
what  should  be  disclosed,  to  test  and  torture  tnem, 
and  to  trust  deeds  more  than  words,  particularly 
in  puolic  affairs  of  great  importance  to  the  city? 
( 50)  I  am  so  far  i'rom  bringing  an  unjust  case 
against  leocrates  that  I  wished  at  my  own  peril  that 
proof  should  oe  obtained  by  torturing  his  slaves, 
men  and  women.     He  did  not. stay,  but  went  off  because 
he  knew  ne  was  guilty.    Yet  the  slaves  of  Leocrates, 
gentlemen,  would  nave  denied  any  ox  tne  charges 
sooner  than  falsify  against  their  own  master  to  facts 
tnat  do  not  exist. 

(31)  Besides  tnis,  Leocrates  will  forthwith 
cry  out  tnat  he  is  a  private  citizen  undone  Dy  tne 
skill  of  an  orator  and  blackmailer.     But  I  think  you 


zo 

all  know  that  it  is  the  Dusinees  of  skilled 
speakers  and  those  who  attempt  to  play  the  syco- 
phant to  anticipate  and  seek  those  points  at  which 
they  will  introduce  their  fallacies  against  tne  de- 
fendants, while  those  who  enter  suits  in  a  proper 
way  and  carefully  show  tnat  they  will  keep  their 
oaths,  are  seen  to  act  in  a  different  manner,  as  we 
do.     (32)  Do  you  reason  thus  about  them  among  your- 
selves.    Whom  would  it  be  impossible  to  mislead  by 
skilful  use  of  speech?    iiaturally ,  slaves  under 
torture,  male  and  female  aliKe,  would  tell  the  whole 
truth  aoout  all  crimes.     But  Leo orates  avoided  pre- 
senting them,  not  another's,   but  his  own,     (So)  ;;no 
can  be  won  over  by  words?     ,7nose  tenderness  of 
disposition  can  be  turned  to  pity  by  tears?  The 
judges'.    Leocrates,  the  traitor,  has  come  here 


21 

through  fear  of  nothing  else  except  that  those 
who  would  actually  confute  nim,  and  ne  himself, 
would  come  from  the  same  nouse.     What  need  is  theri 
of  pretexts,  or  talk,  or  excuses?     Justice  is 
simple,  truth  is  easy,  proof  takes  but  a  moment. 
(34)  If  he  acKnowiedges  the  indictment  to  be  true 
and  sacred,  why  does  ne  not  receive  the  legal  penal- 
ty?   If  he  says  it  is  not  true,  why  did  he  not  hand 
over  his  slaves?    Surely  it  was  important  that  a 
man  on  trial  for  treason  should  deliver  them  for 
torture  and  omit  no  form  of  definite  proof.     (35)  He 
did  nothing  of  the  kind,   but  after  witnessing  against 
himself  that  ne  is  a  traitor  to  his  country,  its 
temples  and  its  laws,  will  demand  that  you  vote  con- 
trary to  his  own  confessions  and  testimonies.  How 
can  it  oe   just  for  a  person  who  has  stripped  himself 


of  tiie  privilege  ox  personal  defense  for  other 
reasons  as  well  as  that  he  did  not  follow  a  just 
course,  I  say,  now  is  it  right  to  permit  this  person 
to  deceive  you  auout  confessed  crimes?     (56)  Con- 
cerning his  acknowledgement  of  the  summons,  and  the 
crime,  gentlemen,  I  think:  you  have  learned  enough. 
I  v. ant  to  remind  you  of  the  crisis  and  what  sort  of 
perils  the  city  was  in  when  Leocrates  betrayed  it. 
Clerk,  please  read  the  decree  of  Hyper ides. 

1  DECKEE 
(37)  You  hear  the  decree,  gentleman,  declaring 
that  the  senate  of  Five  Hundred  is  to  go  to  Piraeus 
under  arms  uo  consult  aoout  a  guard  for  it,  and  when 
it  nas  made  ready,  to  do  whatever  seems  to  the  interest 
of  the  people.     Still,  gentlemen,   if  men  remained  in 
the  ranks  who  had  oeen  relieved  of  service  to  deiiber- 


23 

ate  for  the  city,  do  the  fears  that  gripped  it 
at  that  ting  seein  trifling  or  commonplace?     (58)  in 
the  midst  ox  uhem  Leocrates  ran  away  and  took  his 
belongings,  sent  for  his  heirlooms,  and  went  so  far 
in  his  treason  that,  by  his  own  choice,  tne  temples 
were  deserted,  the  guard  of  "tne  walls  was  absent, 
and  the  city  and  country  were  abandoned.     (39)  in 
those  times,  gentlemen,  who  would  not  have  pitied 

the  city,  I  do  not  say  mere.ly  a  citizen,  but  even  a 
stranger  who  had  tarried  here  in  times  gone  by?  y/ho 
was  there  so  averse  to  t he  democracy  or  to  the 
Athenians  uhat  he  co  uld  have  endured  to  see  himself 
keeping  out  of  the  army  when  defeat  and  the  ensuing- 
misery  were  announced  to  the  people?  when  the  city 
was  excited  over  its  misfortunes  and  hope  of  safety 
for  the  state  rested  in  those  who  were  more  than  fifty 


24 

years  old?     (40)   ,»;nen  one  could  see  free  women 
at  tneir  doors  cowering  in  terror  and  asking  if 
nusuand  or  xi.tu.er  or  urotners  were   still  alive, 
a  signt  unwortny  of  them  and  of  tne  city?  when  men 
feeule  of  body  and  of  many  years,  now  excused  &y 
law  from  military  duty,  oould  be  seen  wandering 
about  tne  whole  city  in  their  old  age  wi uh  folded 
garments  fastened  with  a  broocn?*    (41)  Altnough 
tnere  were  many  fearful  happenings  in  the  city,  and 
all  citizens  were  most  unfortunate,  one  would 
especially  nave  grieved  and  sued  tears  over  our  mis- 
fortunes on  seeing  tne  assemoly  vote  to  make  freemen 
of  slaves,  Atnenaans  of  foreigners,  and  to  restore 
civic  rights  tp  the  disf rancnised,  when  formerly  he 
had  boasted  that  he  nad  sprung  from  tne  soil  and  was  free, 
^Instead  of  being  draped  as  usual. 


25 

(42)  Suon  a  change  did  the  city  undergo 
that  it  used  to  contend  for  tne  freedom  of  other 
Greeks,   out  in  those,  days  is  was  thankful  if  it 
was  able  to  incur  risks  incident  to  its  own  safety, 
formerly  it  controlled  much  barbarian  territory, 
Dut  then  faced  tne  Macedonians  to  save  its  own, 
while  the  peoples  whom  the  Lacedemonians  and 
Peloponnesians  and  tne  Greeks  in  Asia  formerly  called 
upon  for  aid,  now  asked  help  of  Andros,  Cos,  'froezen 
and  Epidaurus  for  tnemselves.     (43)  v/hat  Judge, 
gentlemen,  v,ho  loves  his  city  and  wishes  no  be  reverent 
could  acquit  the  man  who  deserted  tne  city  in  the 
midst  of  such  dangers  and  shame,  and  neither  took  up 
aims  for  his  country  nor  offered  nis  person  to  tne 
generals  for  service,   but  fled  ana  betrayed  the  safety 
of  tne  people?    What  orator  summoned  for  tne  case 


26 

would  nelp  the  betrayer  of  the  city,  the  man  not 
courageous  enough  to  sympatnize  with  the  mis- 
fortunes of  his  country  nor  contribute  anything  to 
tne  safety  of  the  people,   (44)  when  tne  land  gave 
its  trees,   tne  dead  tneir  graves,  and  tne  temples 
their  armor?    In  those  days  there  was  no  age  that 
did  not  give  itself  for  tne  protection  of  tne  city. 
Some  cared  for  the  repair  pf  tne  walls,  some  for  the 
ditcnes,  some  xor  tne  palisades.    NO  one  in  tne  city 
was  idle.     For  no  one  of  tnese  things  did  Leocrates 
offer  nis  help.     (4o)  You  should  remember  fchis  and 
punish  witn  deatn  bne  man  who  did  not  deem  it  worth 
While  oo  join  in  and  go   uo  tne  burial  of  tnose  who 
died  au  Ghaeronia  for  one  freedom  ana  saiety  oi  tne 
people,     'fries  e  men  were  left  unouried  so  fax  as  he 

was  concerned.     Seven  years  later  ne  was  not  ashamed 


27 

to  go  past  tiieir  tombs  and  "Go  Gall  their  fatner- 
land  His; 

(46)  I  wish,  gentlemen,  to  say  a  little  more 
about  those  men,  and  I  ask  you  to  listen  and  not  re- 
gard such  remarks  unsuited  to  public  trials.  Jne 
eulogies  ox  brave  men  are  a  clear  testimony  against 
those  vvqo  practise  trie  op£>osite  oenavior.  Besides, 
it  is  not   just  bo  omit  their  praise  at  tne  public 
and  general  contests  of  the.  city,  when  it  is  tne  sole 
reward  for  the  risks  which  brave  men  takie  in  giving 
their  very  lives  for  the  common  safety  of  the  state. 
(47)  They  met  the  enemy  on  the  frontiers  of  Boeotia 
and  fought  for  the  freedom  of  tne  Greeks  with  no  hope 
of  safety  witnin  walls,  nor  did  tney  yield  or  give 
over  tne  land  to  oe  despoiled  by  the  enemy.  They 
believed  that  tneir  courage  was  a  surer  protection 


£6 

tnan  circuits  of  stone,  and  were  asnarned  to  permit 
the  land  tnat  nourished  tnein  go  be  devastated. 
Y/ith  reason.     (48)  Fojr,   just  as  all  men  do  not  nave 
the  same  sentiment  toward  their  natural  and  adoptive 
fatners,  so  also  they  are  less  attaoned  to  countries 
not  "cneirs  by  birth,  but  ac  .uired  later. 

With  such  sentiments  and  with  noule  men  wno 
snared  the  dangers  with  tnem,  tney  aid  not  share 
wiun  them  in  like  lor tune,  lor  tney  do  not  in  life 
enjoy  the  rewards  01  valor,   out  in  death  left  a 
glorious  name.     They  were  not  defeated,   out  died  "where 
tney  suood  while  fighting  lor  liberty.     f^9)  il  one 
may  use  a  paradoxical  out  trutnful  remark,  tney  died 
as  victors,  for  one  prizes  of  war  for  orave  men  are 
freedom  and  nonor,  and  ootn  of  these  oelon^  oo  tne 
dead.     It  canno o  be  said  that  they  were  defeated  who 


29 

aid  r±ot  dower  in  fear  of  tne  onooming  enemy,  no 
one  can  justly  say  that  they  are  defeated  who 
alone  die  nobly  in  war,  for  they  choose  a  glorious 
death  to  avoid  slavery. 

( bO )  The  nobility  of  these  men  made  Ghis 
clear,  for  they  aL. one  held  tne  liberty  of  Greece 
in  their  own  persons.     For  tne  moment  they  died 
Greece  fell  in  go  slavery,  and  the  freedom  of  the 
other  Greeks  was  ouried  with  their  bodies*  From 
this  fact  tney  made  it  clear  to  all  that  they 
warred  for  no  private  interest,  but  faced  danger 
in  behalf  of  the  common  freedom,     so  that  I  should 
not  be  ashamed,  gentlemen,  to  say  that  their  lives 
are  the  crown  of  the  fatherland.     (51)  Because  of 
what  they  used  to  practice  wisely,  you  alone  of  tne 
Greeks,  Athenians,  know  now  to  honor  breve  men.  you 


30 

will  find  statues  of  atnletes  set  up  in  the 
market-places  of  other  peoples,  but  in  yours  of 
brave  generals  and  of  those  who  slew  the  tyrants. 
It  is  not  easy  to  find  such  men  anywhere  in  Greece, 
but  those  who  nave  oeen  crowned  as  victors  in  con- 
tests can  readily  be  seen  everywhere.    Hence,  as 
you  grant  high  honors  to  benefactors,  so  justly 
should  you  punish  most  severely  those  who  betray 
and  disgrace  the  fatherland. 

(52)  Consider,  gentlemen,  that  it  is  not  in 
your  power  to  acquit  Leociates  if  you  act  justly, 
for  tnis  crime  has  been  judged  and  condemned.  The 
Court  (let  no  one  make  a  distui bance ,  for  I  under- 
stand that  it  was  the  most  important  defense  of  the 
city  at  that  time),  arrested  and  put  to  death  as 
enemies  those  who  fled  and  deserted  the  country-.  Do 


31 

not  suppose,  gentlemen,   that  those  who  decide 
the  deadly  crimes  of  others  most  reverently  would 
themselves  transgress  against  a  citizen  in  any 
sucxi  wise.     {53)  You  condemned  and  punished 
Autolycus  who  stayed  amidst  our  perils  oecause  he 
was  cxiarged  with  removing  his  sons  and  wife.  If 
you  punisned  the  man  who  was  merely  charged  with 
removing  nis  sons  who  were  unfit  for  war,  what 
ought  he,  if  he  is  a  man,    go  suffer  who  did  not 
return  his  debt  to  his  country?    'fhe  people  thougnt 
the  case  so  important  thao  they  voted  that  those 
who  Shirked  danger  in  behalf  ox  their  country 
should  be  held  for  treason,   in  the  belief  that  they 
deserved  tne  severest  punishment.     (54)  Will  you 
jurors  vote  contrary  to  wnat  was  condemned  oy  that 
most  righteous  Couio,  voted  against  by  a  jury,  and 


32 

agreed  by  tne  people  to  oe  deserving  of  tne 
severest  penalty?    Truly  you  will  be  tne  most 
stupid  of  all  men  and  will  nave  the  least  number 
to  undergo  perils  for  you. 

(55)  It  is  clear,  gentlemen,  tnat  Leocrates 
is  answeraole  to  all  the  charges.     But  I  under- 
stand that  he  will  try  to  deceive  you  uy  saying 
that  ne  sailed  as  a  tradei  and  went  to  Rhodes  on 
that  uusiness.     If  he  says  tnis,  note  how  readily 
you  will  take  him  in  a  falsehood,     jj'or,  first, 
traders  do  not  embark  from  tne  shore  by  way  of  the 
Little  Gate,  but  w itnin  the  harbor,  and  are  seen 
and  saluted  uy  their  friends.     Second,  ne  aid  not 
go  witn  his  mistress  and  servants,  buu  merely  with 
a  slave  oo  help  him.     (06)  in  addition  do  ohis,  what 
business  did  an  Athenian  nave  that  ne  snould  spend 


55 

five  years  as  a  trader  at  Megara,  move  away  his 
inherited  possessions,  and  sell  his  house  here, 
unless  he  acknowledged  nimself  to  be  a  traitor 
to  his  country  and  to  be  greatly  wronging  every- 
one?   It  would  be  tne  most  absurd  of  all  tnings 
if  you,  with  a  ballot  in  your  nands,  acquit  him  of 
what  ne  expected  to  be  ^unished  for.    Aside  from 
tnis,  I  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  accept  this 
defense.     ( o7 )  j?or,  isn't  it  dreadful  for  those  who 
are  away  on  business  to  hasten  to  the  aid  of  the 
city,  and  for  this  one  man  uo  go  off  to  trade  in 
those  critical  times  when  no  man  should  nave  tnought 
of  gaining  anything,  but  only  i;o  keep  what  he  had? 
I  snould  be  glad  to  learn  from  nim  what  ne  could 
bring  in  x,o  oetter  advantage  to  tne  city  than  to  give 
himself  to  tne  generals  to  place  in  the  ranks  and  uo 


34 

fight  with  you  and  ward  off  our  assailants.  I 
Jmow  of  no  aid  like  that.     (ob)  He  deserves  anger 
not  only  for  nis  action,  out  because  he  had  the 
impudence  to  lit  openly  about  it.    jj'or  neither 
before  nor  at  any  time  was  he  ao  this  business, 
but  he  owned  coppersmiths,  and  did  not  put  to  sea 
and  import  anything  from  Megara,  although  he  con- 
tinued there  for  six  years.     More  than  tnat,  he 
ha a  a  snare  in  the  impost  tax,  which  he  would  not 
have  left  and  gone  off  to  trade,     so  if  he  tries  to 
say  anything  aoout  this,  I  thin&  you  will  not  permit 
it. 

(o9)  Perhaps  he  will  bring  forward  the  argument 
which  some  of  ais  counsel  advise,  that  he  is  not 
answeraole  for  treason  uecause  he  was  not  in  control 
of  the  dockyards  nor  the  gates  nor  camps,  nor,  in 


short,  of  any  ox  one  affairs  of  tne  city.  I 
believe  that  tnose  who  were  responsible  for  these 
matters  oetrayed  some  part  of  your  power,  but  this 
man  delivered  up  tne  wnole  aity.     some  merely  wrong 
the  living  by  being  traitors, but  tnis  man  is  a 
criminal  even  against  tne  dead  by  depriving  tnem  of 
their  hereditary  privileges.     (60)  jiven  if  tne  oity 
nad  been  betrayed  by  them,  it  would  be  innaoited 
thougn  enslaved,   but  in  the  way  ne  deserted  it,  it 
would  be  uninnabited.     When  cities  fare  ill  it  is 
reasonaole  that  a  cnange  would  be  for  their  better- 
ment, but  from  their  ueing  completely  destroyed 
tney  would  also  be  deprived  of  taeir  common  nopes. 
Just  as  a  living  man  nopes  to  be  lioerated  from 
some  misfortune  ana,   when  dead,   every  tiling  is  taken 
away  by  wnicn  one  may  be  content,  so  also  cities 


36 

nave  an  end  of  their  misfortunes  when  they  are 
swept  away.     (61)  If  I  must  tell  tne  truth,  to 
be  overturned  is  the  deatn  of  a  city.     Tne  proof 
is  complete,     Our  oity  was  anciently  enslaved  by 
tyrants  and  later  by  tne  Thirty,  wnen  its  walls 
were  razed  oy  the  Lacedemonians.     Hevertneless  fee 
were  freed  from  ooth  of  them  and  oecame  responsible 
for  the  well-being  of  the  Greeks.     (62)  it  is  not 
so  with  all  that  nave  been  overthrown,     if  I  may 
mention  a  more  ancient  example,  who  nas  not  neard 
that  Troy,  the  greatest  of  cities  of  its  time  and 
mistress  of  all  Asia,  was  once  for  all  razed  by  the 
(ireeKS  and  is  uninhabited  to  this  day?    And  that  four 
hundred  years  later  Messene  was  resettled  by  men 
from  other  places? 

(66)  Perhaps  one  of  his  counselors  will  presume 


37 

to  say,  as  though  iu  were  a  mere  trifle,  that  none 
of  these  things  would  happen  through  one  man,  and 
they  feel  no  sname  in  making  an  apology  before  you 
that  migJat   justly  bring  death  to  them.     If  they  agree 
that  he  deserted  the  county,  then  let  tnern  peymit 
you  to  decide  about  tne  magnitude  of  tne  offense, 
buu  if  ne  has  not  done  so,  is  it  not  sneer  madness 
to  say  that  notning  would  Happen  through  him?  (b<±) 
fox  my  part,  gentlemen,  I  think  quit;e  diner ently 
from  these  men,  that  the  safety  of  the  city  rested 
upon  nim,  for  tne  oity  stands  because  it  is  guarded 
by  eacn  man's  part  in  it.     So  whenever  anyone  ignores 
it  in  one  particular  ne  has  done  so  in  all. 

It  is  easy  to  find  one  truth,  gentlemen,  by 
looking  at  tne  opinions  of  our  ancient  lawgivers. 

(6b)  'fney  did  not  assign  death  to  a  man  who  had  stolen 


38 

a  hundred  talents  and  a  less  penalty  to  one  who 
had  taken  ten  drachmae.     They  did  not  put  to  death 
a  man  "who  had  grievously  despoiled  the  temples,  and 
punish  small  offenses  vvitn  less  penalty.     Nor  did 
they  fine  a  man  who  killed  his  servant  and  keep  the 
man  who  killed  a  freeman  from  the  puolic  rites,  out 
tney  set  death  as  the  penalty  for  all  illegal  acts, 
even  the  least.     (66)  In  their  day  they  did  not 
look  each  time  at  the  particular  Kind  of  crime 
committed,  and  then  consider  the  magnitude  of  it,  but 
only  at  this,  whether,  if  it  became  worse,  it  would 
seriously  injure  mankind.    Otherwise  it  would  he  folly 
to  inquire  into  it  at  all.     Well,  gentlemen,  if  a 
person  should  go  into  the  metroon  and  erase  one  ordi- 
nance and then  should  defend  the  act  by  saying  that  the 
city  suffers  no  harm  uy  one  loss,  would  you  not  put 


39 

him  to  death?    I  believe  that  you  would  justly  do 
so  if  you  propose  to  protect  the  rest  of  the  people. 
(67)  Likewise  tnis  man  must  be  punished  if  you  pro- 
pose to  mate  the  rest  of  trie  citizens  better,  you 
will  not  consider  whether  he  is  one  individual 
merely,   but  will  look  at  his  act.     I  ohimc  that  it 
is  our  good  fortune  that  there  are  not  many  such 
as  he,   out  that  he  deserves  a  severer  penalty  because 
he  is  tne  only  citizen  who  has  sought  his  own  instead 
of  everyoody's  safety. 

(oti)  I  am  particularly  irritated,  gentlemen, 
wnenever  I  near  one  of  his  partizans  say  that  it  is 
not  oetrayal  if  one  left  tne  city,   oecause  our  fore- 
fa  tners  once  left  it  wnen  they  were  fighting  xerxes, 
and  crossed  to  Salamis.     He  is  so  stupid  or  so  utterly 
contemptuous  of  you  that  he  assumes  to  compare  the 


40 

noblest  acts  with  the  vilest.     (69)  Where  is  not 
tne  courage  of  tnose  men  applauded?    fh«  is  so 
mean  or  so  destitute  of  ambition  as  not  to  pray 
to  snare  in  tneir  deeds?    They  did  not  desert  tne 
city,  out  with  patriotic  purpose  merely  cnanged 
its  location  in  view  of  impending  disasters.  (70) 
Etionicus,  the  Lacedemonian,  and  Adimantus,  the 
Corintnian,  with  the  Aeginetan  fleet,  were  ready 
to  take  them  to  safety  under  cover  of  night.  When 
our  forefatners  were  deserted  by  all  tne  Greeks  they 
forciuly  freed  tne  others  by  compelling  tnem  to 
fight  with  themselves  against  the  barbarians,  at 
sea  off  Salamis.     Single-nanded  they  surpassed  ooth 
tne  enemy  and  their  allies,  as  befitted  each  of 
tnem,  the  one  by  benefits,  tne  other  by  overcoming 
them  in  battle.     Vera  tney  like  the  man  who  fled  a 


"/*  J  X  C 


41 

four  day's  voyage  from  his  native  country  to 
Rhodes?     (71)  Ox  course  any  of  those  men  would  in- 
stantly liave  jjut  up  with  such  an  act  and  would  not 
have  stoned  to  death  the  man  vmo  shamed  their  valor i 
Indeed,  so  much  did  they  all  love  their  native  country 
that  taey  almost  stoned  Alexander,  who  formerly  was 
their  friend,  because  ne  asked  earth  and  water  wnen 
he  came  as  ambassador  from  Xerxes.     Where  tney  thought 
best  to  exact  penalty  even  for  tne  suggestion,  doubt- 
less tney  would  not  have  punished  with  severity  the 
man  who  actually  delivered  tne  city  to  its  enemies  1 
(7£)  Tney  followed  such  principles  and  so  became  lead- 
ers of  tne  Greeks  for  seventy  years,  laid  waste 
Phoenecia  and  Cilicia,  were  victors  on  land  and  sea 
at  Eurymedon,  captured  a  hundred  triremes  from  the 
barbarians,  and  sailed  oy  and  laid  waste  all  the  coast 


42 

of  Asia.     (73)  As  a  eliraax  to  their  victory  they 
were  not  content  with  the  trophy  at  ^alamis,  oat 
fixed  limits  for  the  barbarians  with  a  view  to  the 
liberty  of  Greece,  and  prevented  those  peoples 
from  overstepping-  b hem.     Tney  made  agreements  with 
them  not  uo  sail  in  a  long  boat  between  the  Cyaneas 
islands  and  the  river  Pnaselis,  and  that  the  Greeks 
who  lived  not  only  in  Europe  but  in  Asia  were  lio  oe 
autonomous.     (74)  Do  you  suppose  -chat  if  everyone 
had  followed  the  idea  of  leocrates  and  fled,  that 
any  ox  these  glorious  deeds  would  nave  oeen  done,  or 
tnat  you  would  still  De  occupying  tnis  land?  you 
ougnt,  therefore,  gentlemen,  as  you  laud  and  honor 
tne  brave,   in  like  manner  to  detest  and  punish  cowards, 
and  particularly  Leocrates  who  neither  feared  nor 
respected  you. 


43 

(75)  Now  observe  what  your  custom  is  in 
these  matters  and  what  your  ideas  are,  for  it  is 
worth  wnile  to  pass  them  in  review  altxiough  you 
know  them.    By  Athena,  the  anoient  laws  of  the 
oity  and  the  customs  of  those  who  first  established 
them  are  an  honor  to  which,  If  you  pay  heed,  you 
will  do   justice  and  will  seem  dignified  in  the 
eyes  of  all  men  and  worthy  of  your  oity.     (76)  You 
have  an  oath  which  all  citizens  swear  when  they 
are  enrolled  in  the  register  of  the  deme  and  become 
ephebi,  not  to  disgrace  their  sacred  arms  nor  desert 
their  post,  but  to  defend  trie  fatherland  and  hand  it 
down  uetter  than  they  receive  it.     If  Leocrates 
swore  this  oath  he  is  plainly  a  perjurer,  and  not  only 
wronged  you  but  is  impious  toward  the  gods.     If  he 
did  noG  swear  it,  he  was  obviously  prepared  to  perform 


110  i 


44 

no  duty,  and  you  would  justly  punish  him  for  your 
own  sake  and  the  sake  of  the  gods.  I  want  you  to 
hear  the  oath.    Read  it,  clerk. 

(77)  OATH.     I  will  not  disgrace  my  saored 
arms  nor  desert  the  comrade  by  whom  I  am  standing. 
I  will  defend  our  holy  places  both  single-handed 
and  with  many.     I  Kill  nand  down  the  fatnerland  not 
less,   but  greater  and  better  than  I  received  it.  I 
will  obediently  listen  to  those  who  from  time  to 
time  are  in  office,  and  I  will  obey  the  estaulisned 
ordinances  and  what  soever  otuers  th«  people  ^i"Uh  one 
accord  enact.     I  will  not  permit  anyone  to  overthrow 
or  disobey  them,  but  will  defend  them  alone  or  with 
all.     'i'he  gods  be  witnesses:    Aglaurus ,  Enyalius  Ares, 
Zeus,  'j^hallo,  Auxo,  Hegemone. 

IToble  and  holy  is  the  oath,  gentlemen.  Leocrates 


45 

acted  contrary  to  it  in  all  ways.     Indeed,  now 
oould  a  man  oe  more  impious  than  by  oeing  a 
traitor  to  nis  country?    How  could  anyone  disgrace 
his  arms  more  tnan  to  be  unwilling  to  ttice  tnem 
and  to  ward  off  its  foes?    Or  "by  not  offering 
nimself  for  the  ramcs  and  oy  deserting  nis  com- 
rade and  nis  post?     (78)  or  by  undergoing  no 
danger  in  defense  of  our  holy  and  sacred  snrines? 
By  wnat  greater  treason  couid  ne  betray  his 
country?    So  far  as  ne  was  able  it  has  oeen  left 
subject  to  its  enemies.     Vail  you  no t  put  iio  deatn 
tne  man  who  has  been  guilty  of  all  bhese  crimes? 
Whom,  then,  will  you  punish?    Tnose  who  erred  in 
some  of  these  matters?    It  will  oe  easy,   indeed,  to 
punisn  major  crimes  among  you  if  you  are  seen  to 
be  furious  merely  at  small  ones! 


46 

(79)  Moreover,  gentlemen,  you  must  under - 

Ike 

stand  this,  that  an  oath  is  what  holds  democracy 
together.     For  there  aie  three  factors  of  which  the 
state  is  composed,  the  officer,  the  juryman,  and 
the  private  citizen.    An  oath  is  the  pledge  which 
each  of  them  giveB,  of  course.    Many  persons  hitherto 
by  deceiving  and  eluding  the  people  nave  not  only 
escaped  present  dangers,  but  thereafter  are  immune 
from  the  penalty  for  tneir  crimes,  but  no  perjurer 
can  elude  or  escape  the  gods  or  their  vengeance,  if 
not  upon  himself  then  upon  his  children,  and  his 
whole  kin  falls  into  great  misfortunes.     (60)  There- 
fore, gentlemen  of  the  jury,  all  Greeks  gave  this 
pledge  at  Plataea  when  they  were  in  line  and  about 
to  fight  the  armies  of  Xerxes,  not  improvising  it 
themselves,   but  following  tne  usual  oath  among  you. 


47 

It  is  worth  while  to  hear  it,  for,  alt  Lough  these 
occurrences  are  old,  yet  one  may  often  note  the 
spirit  of  those  men  in  our  inscriptions,  please 
read  it. 

(81)  OATH.     I  will  not  place  life  above 
liberty.     I  will  not  desert  my  leaders,  living  or 
dead,   but  will  bury  all  those  of  our  allies  who 
perish  in  battle.     If  I  overcome  the  barbarians 
in  war,  I  will  not  destroy  any  Greeu:  city  which 
fought  for  Greece,   but  will  dedicate  a  tenth  of  all 
those  which  sided  with  tne  barbarians.    And  of  the 
temples  ourned  or  torn  down  by  the  barbarians  I 
will  rebuild  none  at  all,  but  will  leave  them  as 

a  reminder  to  future  generations  of  the  impiety  of 
the  oarbaxians. 

(82)  So  earnestly,  gentlemen,  did  they  all 


48 

apply  themselves  to  this,  that  they  had  with  them 
the  goodwill  of  tne  gods  as  a  help,  and,  although 
all  the  Greeks  proved  to  be  men  brave  in  danger, 
your  oity  was  especially  esteemed.     I |  would  oe 
the  most  terrible  of  all  tnings  if  your  ancestors 
dared  to  die  that  the  city  might  not  be  inglorious, 
and  that  you  should  not  punish  those  who  have  dis- 
graced it,   but  permit  the  common  renown  gained  by 
many  labors  to  be  dissipated  by  the  villainy  of 
such  men. 

(83)  It  does  not  become  you,  gentlemen,  of 
all  the  Greeks,  to  permit  any  of  this.     I  wish  to 
rehearse  a  few  ancient  events  to  you,  for,  v;itn  tnem 
as  examples,  you  will  deliberate  better  about  these 
and  other  incidents.     Your-  city  has  tnis  very  great 
advantage,  that  it  has  become  an  example  to  the  u-reeKs 


49 

in  noble  deeds.     So  far  as  it  is  the  most  ancient 
of  cities,  so  far  our  ancestors  surpassed  otner 
men  in  valor, 

(84)  When  Godrus  7ms  king  the  peloponnesians 
resolved,   because  their  land  was  sterile,  to  make 
war  upon  our  city  and  to  divide  tne  oo  untry  after 
expelling  our  forefathers.     They  first  sent  to 
Delphi  and  a  sited  the  god  whether  they  would  capture 
Athens.     Ee  responded  tnat  they  would  take  the  city 
if  they  did  not  kill  its  king.     So  tney  marched 
upon  Athens.     (85)  But  Cleomantis,  a  Delpnian,  learned 
of  the  response  and  secretly  told  it  to  the  Athenians. 
So,  it  seems,  they  had  men  outside  vwo  were  kindly 
disposed.     'Mien  tne  Lacedemonians  made  their  incur- 
sion into  Attica  what  did  (our  forefatners)  do, 
gentlemen  ox  the  jury?    They  did  not  leave  the  land 


50 

and  go  away  as  leocrates  did,  nor  make  a  gift  of 
its  temples  to  tne  enemy,  and  of  tne  country 
that  iiad  nourished  them.     j?ew  as  tney  were  and  shut 
in,  they  persevered  for  the  country's  sake,  (bb) 
So  brave,  gentlemen,  were  the  rulers  of  that  day 
that  they  chose  to  perish  for  the  safety  of  their 
subjects  rather   tnan  to  live  and  exchange  their 
country  for  another.     So  tney  say  that  Codrus  told 
tne  Athenians  to  note  wnen  he  snould  die,  put  on 
a  beggar's  raiment  in  order  to  deceive  the  enemy, 
and  slipped  out  of  the  gates  to  collect  fagots  in 
front  of  the  city.     Two  men  from  the  camp  came  up 
to  him  and  asked  aoout  affairs  in  tiie  city,  one  of 
whom  he  attacked  and  killed  with  a  scytne.     (87)  rj?he 
survivor,  enraged  and  supposing  nim  to  oe  a  ueggar, 
drew  his  sword. and  killed  him.     when  this  Happened 


51 

the  Athenians  sent  a  herald  demanding  that  their 
Icing  be  given  to  them  for  burial,  and  explaining 
the  whole  matter  truthfully.     The  Peloponnesians 
gave  him  up  and  went  away  knowing  that  it  was  no 
longer  possible  for  them  to  retain  tne  land.  For 
this  your  forefathers  granted  perpetual  support 
in  the  prytaneum  to  Cleomantis,   the  Delphian,  and 
his  descendants. 

(68)  Did  the  kings  of  yore  love  the  country 
as  Leo  crates  did,  who  preferred  to  deceive  the  enemy 
and  die  for  it  and  to  exchange  their  own  life  for 
the  common  safety?    fhat  alone  is  why  tney  are 
eponymi  of  tne  country  and  are  honored  as  gods.  Bith 
reason.     For  they  were  so  strenuous  in  tne  country's 
behalf  that  even  though  dead  tney  are  justly  heirs 

to  it.     (89)  But  Leocrates  neither  living  nor  dead 


1 


may  justly  share  in  it,  but  alone  of  all  others 

might  properly  be  expelled  from  the  land  which  he 

deserted  when  ne  went  over  to  our  enemies,     fox  it 

is  not  proper  that  the  same  earth  should  cover  men 

of  distinguished  bravery  and  the  basest  of  all 

human  beings. 

(90)  Yet  he  has  actually  attempted  to  say 

what  he  will  per  naps  say  to  ^you,  that  he  would. 

never  defend  this  suit  if  ne  felt  that  he  had  done 

anything  like  tnis.     As  if  every  tnief  and  desecrater 

of  temples  does  not  say  the  same  thing!     it  is  no 

sign  that  tney  did  not  do  it,  but  of  their  snameless- 

ness.     He  has  no  business  to  say  this,  but  that  he 

did  not  sail  away,  nor  desert  the  city,  nor  settle  in 

Megara.     (91)  These  are  the  proofs  in  the  case,  as 
> 

for  his  coming  here,  I  think  some  god  led  him  to 


53 

pun i ailment  in  order  that,  as  lie  avoided  an  honor- 
aole  peril,  he  might  meet  a  dishonorable  and  in- 
glorious death,  and  miglit  get  Himself  into  the  nands 
of  those  whom  ne  betrayed.     His  oeing  unfortunate 
elsewhere  is  no  evidence  that  ne  should  not  be 
punished  for  these  crimes.     But  it  is  plain  to  those 
whom  ne  betrayed  that  ne  should  oe  punished  for  the 
ones  committed  Here,   (92)  for  the  gods  do  nothing 
sooner  than  mislead  the  purposes  of  bad  men.  some 
of  the  ancient  poets  seem  to  me,  as  it  were,  to  have 
written  oracles  when  they  left  these  verses  go 
posterity.     "Whenever  one  wrath  of  the  gods  injures 
a  man,  it  first  of  all  rods  a  sane  mind  of  its  wits 
and  turns  one's  judgment  to  a  worse  in  order  that  he 
may  not  snow  wherein  ne  sins."     (93)  What  older 
person  does  not  remember,  or  young  person  has  not 


64 

heard,  of  Call i stratus  whom  the  city  condemned  bo 
death?     ,/hen  lie  fled  and  neard  from  the  god  at 
Delphi  that,   if  ne  should  return  to  Athens,  ne 
would  meet  the  laws,  ne  came  back  and  took:  refuge 
a"G  the  altar  of  the  twelve  gods,   but  none  the  less 
he  was  put  to  deatii.     And  justly  so,  for  to  meet 
the  laws  means  punishment  for  criminals,  because 
god  properly  grants  tuose  wno  are  wronged  to  punish 
the  author  of  tne  wrong.     It  would  be  a  Shocking 
tning,   indeed,   if  one  same  tokens  were  displayed  to 
the  pious  and  criminals  aline. 

(94)  I   chink,  gentlemen,  that  the  gods 
give  attention  to  all  numan  affairs,  and  particularly 
to  the  respect  due  to  parents,  the  dead,  and  them- 
selves.    Properly.     Jfor  it  is  tne  rankest  impiety  if 
we  do  not,  I  do  not  Bay  sin  against  unem,  but  spend 


55 

our  lives  in  serving  those  from  wnom  we  get  our 
life  and  receive  so  many  blessings.     (9b)  It  is 
said,   indeed,  that  in  Sicily  (even  if  it  is  ever 
so  fictitious  a  tale  it  will  be  useful  to  all 
young  men  to  hear  it),  a  stream  of  fire  comes  from 
Aetna,  and  tnat  it  flows  to  another  district  and 
an  inhaoited  city  tnere.     others  took  to  flight  to 
save  themselves,  but  one  of  tne  younger  men  on  seeing 
his  aged  father  unable  to  escape  uecause  ne  was 
surrounded,  lifted  him  up  and  carried  him.     v/ith  this 
added  burden  I  imagine  that  ne  himself  was  also 
hemmed  in.     (96)  tfrom  this  tale  it  may  be  seen  that 
the  god  is  kind  to  good  men,  for  it  is  said  that  the 
fire  overflowed  that  region  on  all  sides  and  they 
alone  were  saved.     To  this  day  the  place  is  called 
the   'place  of  the  pious'.    All  those  perished  who 


56 

made  their  departure  nastily  and  left  tneir  parents 
benind.     (97)  In  view  or  this  testimony  of  the 
gods  you  ought  with  one  accord  to  punish  the  man 
who  is  responsible  for  all  direst  crimes  as  far  as 
in  him  lay,   for  he  robbed  our  gods  of  their  ancient 
honors,   left  his  parents  to  the  enemy,  and  did  not 
permit  the  dead  to  receive  the  customary  rites. 

(98 )  Consider  the  deeds,  gentlemen,   (i  snail 
not  overlook  them) ,  upon  which  your  ancestors  prided 
themselves.     '//hen  you  have  heard  them  you  Will 
appreciate  them  in  a  suitaole  way.     'iney  say  that 
Eumolpus,  son  of  Posidon  and  Cnione,  came  with  the 
Thracians  to  contend  for  this  land,  and  that  Erechtheus 
was  king  in  those  days,  whose  wife  was  praxithea, 
daughter  of  uephisus.     (99)  When  a  great  army  was  about 
to  enter  the  country  he  went  to  Delphi  and  asked  the 


57 

god  what  he  should  do  to  win  a  victory  over  the 
enemy.     The  god  responded  that  if  he  would 
sacrifice  his  daughter  oefore  the  two  armies  met, 
he  would  defeat  his  foes.     He  did  so  in  obedience 
to  the  god  and  expelled  the  invaders  from  the 
land.     (100)  One  may  justly  praise  Euripides  be- 
cause, great  poet  as  lie  was,  ne  cnose  to  xjut  this 
tale  in  verse,  thinking  it  would  be  the  best 
example  for  our  citizens  in  their  actions,  and  by 
recalling  and  thinking  about  it  tney  would  school 
their  spirits  to  love  tneir  country.     It  is  worth 
while,  gentlemen  of  the  jury,  to  hear  the  verses 
which  he  made  the  mother  of  the  child  speak,  for 
in  them  you  will  find  a  loftiness  of  spirit  and  a 
nobility  worthy  of  the  city  and  Of  the  daughter  of 
Cepnisus . 


58 

"If  one  generously  shoves  kindness  it  is 
a  satisfaction  to  men.     If  one  aots,   but  does  so 
at  his  leisure,  it  is  not  noble.     I  snail  give 
my  caild  to  deatii,  but  I  am  thinking  of  many  things, 
first,   I  think  no  otner  oity  preferable  to  this, 
wnose  people  oame  not  from  other  lands,  but  arose 
from  tills  soil.     Some  cities  nave  been  founded  by 
dissimilar  and  chance  peoples ,  others  arose  from 
mother-cities.     .aioever  leaves  one  city  and  dwells 
in  another  fits  like  a  bad  joint  in  wood,  is  a 
citizen  in  name  merely,  not  in  fact.     Then  we  bring 
forth  cuildreri  that  we  may  protect  the  altars  of 
the  gods  and  the  fatherland,     i-ne  city  has  one  name 
though  many  may  dwell  in  it.     How  can  I  destroy 
them  When  one  may  be  given  to  death  for  them  all? 
If  I  know  numbers  and  the  greater  from  tne  less,  if 


59 

tne  no  use  of  one  man  is  smitten  and  moans  it  is 
not  of  more  concern  than  a  uncle  city,  nay,  it  is 
not  of  equal  concern.     If  I  nad  a  son  instead  of 
a  daughter  in  my  nouse,  and  nostile  flames  over- 
spread tne  city,  would  I  not  send  him  to  battle 
although  I  feared  his  death?    Let  me  have  children 
who  will  fight  and  be  distinguished  among  men,  not 
figure-heads  born  to  no  purpose  in  the  city.  vne 
tears  of  mothers  when  they  send  their  sons  away 
unman  many  as  they  go  to  battle.     I  hate  women  who 
value  the  lives  of  their  sons  before  honor,  and 
approve  of  base  conduct.     Even  when  fallen  in  battle 
with  others  they  gain  a  common  tomb  and  e^ual  fame, 
but  a  single  crown  will  be  given  to  my  daughter 
alone  if  she  dies  for  this  city.    And  she  will  save 
her  mother  and  thee*  and  her  two  sisters,  y/nich 
*Said  to  Siechtheus. 


60 

one  of  them  is  it  not  an  honor  to  greet?    I  shall 
not  sacrifice  for  the  land  a  maiden  not  mine  by 
birth.     If  the  city  is  taken,  what  joy  vail  there 
ue  in  my  children?    Well,  everything  snail  be 
saved  so  far  as  I  can  do  it.    Others  vail  rule.  I 
snail  save  the  city.     As  to  that,  where  the  state 
is  most  important,  there  is  no  one  who,  by  my  con- 
sent, snail  overturn  the  ancient  institutions  of 
our  fatners,  nor  in  place  of  olive  and  the  golden 
Gorgon  snail  uhe  trident  stand  upright  in  our 
foundations,  nor  Sumolpus  or  trie  'fhracian  people 
crown  it,  and  Pallas  be  no  more  honored.     Take  .my 
offspring,  citizens.     Be  safe,   be  victorious.  It 
may  not  be  that  I,  for  one  life,  shall  not  save  the 
fatherland  for  you.     0  fatnerland,  would  that  all 
wno  dwell  within  thee  loved  tnee  as  I  do.  'fnen 


61 

happily  would  we.  inhabit  thee  and  thou  wouldst 
suffer  no  harm." 

(101)  These  verses,  gentlemen,  trained 
your  fathers.    Although  all  women  are  naturally 
fond  of  children,  ne  made  her  love  tne  fatherland 
more  tnan  Children,  setting  forth  that,  if  women 
dared  to  do  as  she  did,  men  must  not  be  surpassed 
in  good-will  for  tneir  country,  nor  desert  it  in 
flight,  nor  disgrace  it  before  all  the  Greeks  as 
Leoorates  has  done. 

(10S)  I  wish  also  to  take  an  example  from 
the  poems  of  Homer.     your  forefathers  thought  Homer 
so  excellent  a  poet  that  tney  enacted  a  law  that 
his  poems  alone  should  oe  recited  at  tne  panathenaea 
every  fifth  year,  in  order  to  show  tne  Greeks  that 
they  preferred  tne  noolest  deeds.     »/ith  reason,  for 


62 

the  laws  on  account  of  their  brevity  do  not  teaoh 
but  enjoin  what  must  be  done,  while  the  poets  in 
imitation  of  human  life  select  the  finest  deeds 
and  persuade  men  by  discourse  and  exposition.  (103) 
Hector  said  t.uis  while  cheering  on  the  frf  jans 
in  behalf  of  their  country: 

"Fight  steadily  at  the  ships.    Whoever  of 
you  meets  death  and  doom  by  dart  or  blow,  let  him 
die.     It  is  not  unseemly  for  him  to  die  in  defense 
of  his  country.     His  wife  and  little  children  are 
safe  and  his  patrimony  and  house  are  unharmed,  if 
the  Achaeans  return  with  their  ships  to  their  dear 
native  land." 

(104)  V/hen  your  ancestors  heard  these  verses, 
gentlemen,  and  emulated  such  deeds,  they  were  so 


<>.. 


moved  to  valor  that  not  only  Were  they  willing  to 
die  in  behalf  of  their  own  country,  buL  also  of 
all  Greece,  as  though  it  "were  tneir  common  country. 
So  men  arrayed  against  the  barbarians  at  Marathon 
defeated  the  army  of  all  Asia  and  gained  a  common 
security  for  all  the  Greeks  by  their  personal  perils. 
They  had  no  pride  in  their  fame,   but  in  a cting 
worthy  of  it,  and  so  made  tnems elves  leaders  of  tne 
Greeks  and  masters  of  the  barbarians,     jj'or,  not  in 
name  did  they  practice  valor,   but  displayed  it  to  all 
by  their  deeds.     (105)  For  this  reason  those  who 
inhabited  tne  city  at  that  time  were  men  so  earnest 
in  public  and  in  private  that  god  counseled  tne 
Lacedemonians,  the  most  gallant  men  or  former  days, 
in  their  v/ar  with  the  Messenians,  to  take  a  leader 
from  among  us  and  they  would  conruer  their  enemies. 


in 


If  god  declared  that  ours  were  better  leaders  than 
the  sons  of  Heracles,  who  always  are  kings  of 
Sparta,  must  we  not  think  their  valor  unsurpassable? 
(106)  What  Greek  does  not  know  that  they  took 
Tyrtaeus  as  general  from  our  city,  with  waom  tney 
both  overcame  their  enemies  and  prescribed  the  train- 
ing of  the  young-?    Thus  tney  planned,  well  not  only 
for  tnreatening  danger,  out  for  all  time.     He  composed 
and  left  them  verses  which  they  heard  and  were 
disciplined  in  manliness  by  them.     (107)  They  made 
notning  of  otner  poets,  but  were  so  strongly  im- 
pressed by  this  one   Chat  tney  made  a  law  tnat  wnenever 
tney  were  campaigning  in  arms  everyone  should  be 
called  to  the  tent  of  the  king  to  hear  his  poems, 
believing  that  in  this  way  they  would  become  willing  to 
die  for  their  country.     It  is  worth  while  also  to 


near  tnese  verses  in  order  that  you  may  know  by 
what  poems  the  composers  became  nonored  among 
them, 

"It  is  noble  for  a  brave  man  to  fall  and 
die  among  tne  foremost  fighters,  while  warring  for 
nis  country.     It  is  most  grievous  of  all  things 
for  one  wno  deserts  nis  city  and  fertile  lands  to 
wander  and  beg  with  nis  mother  and  aged  father,  his 
lit ole  children  and  wedded  wife,  for  ne  will  be 
hateful  to  wnomever  ne  meets  by  yielding  to  want 
and  dire  poverty.     &e  disgraces  nis  family  ana  shames 
a  splendid  form,  and  all  dishonor  and  misery  follow. 
If  there  is  neither  regard  for  a  wandering  man  nor 
respect  for  his  family  after  him,  let  us  fight  with 
zeal  for  our  land.     Let  us  die  for  our  Children,  no 

longer  sparing  our  lives,     young  men,  stand  by  each 


66 

©ther  and  fight.     Begin  neither  disgraceful  flight 
nor  panic,   out  keep  a  strong  and  doughty  spirit 
in  your  breasts,  and  do  not  regard  your  life  while 
fighting  your  enemies.     Do  not  flee  and  leave  your 
fathers  whose  knees  no  longer  lightly  move,  those 
aged  men.     It  truly  is  sriameful  for  an  older  man 
in  the  front  ranks  with  white  hair  and  hoary  Deard 
to  fall  and  lie  before  the  young  and  breathe  out 
his  valiant  spirit  in  the  dust,  his  body  naked,  his 
vitals  in  his  hands,  a  shame  to  the  eyes  and  pro vo King- 
one's  wrath  to  behold.     All  things  beseem  the  young 
wnile  the  fine  flower  of  lovely  youth  is  theirs,  fit 
for  men  to  see,  loved  of  women  while  alive,  and 
beautiful  when  fallen  in  the  front  ranks.     With  firm 
tread  let  eacn  one  stand  his  ground,  feet  upon  the 
earth,  and  biting  his  lips  with  his  teeth." 


67 

(108)  lloble  verses,  indeed,  gentlemen, 
and  helpful  to  ohose  who  care  to  need  them.  Those 
who  heard  them  were  so  prompted  to  manliness  that 
they  disputed  tine  leadership  with  our  city.  With 
reason,  for  tine  finest  of  deeds  were  done  by  both. 
Your  ancestors  overcame  the  barbarians  wno  first 
set  foot  on  Attic  soil,  and  made  their  manliness 
conspicuously  superior  to  wealth,  and  their  bravery 
to  numoers.     The  Lacedemonians  arrayed  at  Thermopylae 
met  a  similar  crisis  and  surpassed  all  others  in 
valor.     (109)  For  tnat  reason  one  may  see  inscribed 
on  their  tombs  a  true  testimony  to  all  tihe.  Greeks. 
To  tine  Lacedemonians, 

"Stir anger,  tell  the  Lacedemonians  that  we  lie 
here  obedient  to  tneir  laws." 

And  to  our  forefathers, 


68 


"The  Athenians  fi 


ghting  in  the  forefront 


of  the  Greeks  at  Marathon  destroyed  one 


power 


of  the  golden 


olad  Medes. 


(110)  These  verses,  Athenians,  are  pleasant 
to  remember.     Tney  laud  the  deeds  and  preserve  an 
ever-memorable  glory  of  the  city.     Hot  so  Leoorates, 
for  he  voluntarily  disgraced  tne  long-gathered 
reputation  of  the  city.     So  if  you  put  him  to  death 
you  will  seem  to  all  the  Greeks  to  detest  that  sort 
of  action.     Otherwise  you  will  roo  your  ancestors  of 
their  ancient  glory  and  greatly  injure  your  fellow- 
citizens,  for  those  who  do  not  admire  your  forefathers 
•ill  try  to  imitate  this  man,  in  ohe  conviction  that 
those  former  deeds  were  approved  by  your  forefathers, 
wnile  among  you  snamelessness  and  treason  and  cowardice 
are  judged  to  be  most  commendable. 


69 

fill)  It  I  cannot  instruct  you  about  dealing 
with,  such  persons,   thinK  now  your  ancestors  exacted 
punisnment  from  them,  for,  as  tney  knew  now  to  do 
noble  deeds,  so  also  they  chose  to  punish  evil  ones. 
See,  gentlemen,  now  they  uecame  enraged  at  traitors 
and  regarded  tnem  as  common  enemies  of  the  city. 
(112)  Phrynichus  was  slain  at  nigxit  near  tne  spring 
among  the  wiliows  by  Apoliodorus  and  Thrasyuulus. 
When  they  v^ere  arrested  and  put  in  prison  by  the 
friends  of  Phrynious,  trie  people  took  note  of  what 
happened,  led  out  the  prisoners  and  entered  suit  after 
tney  nad  been  tortured,     on  inquiry  the  people  found 
that  Phrynicus  had  betrayed  tne  city,  and  those  who 
had  killed  him  were  unlawfully  imprisoned.  (113) 
rfne  people  voted,  on  motion  of  Critias,  to  try  the 
dead  man  for  treason,  and  if  he  appeared  to  be  a 


70 

traitor  in  their  midst,  to  dig  up  his  bones  and 
remove  them  outside  Attica  in  order  that  even  the 
bones  of  a  man  who  betrayed  his  country  and  the 
city  should  not  lie  in  our  soil.     (114)  They 
decreed  also   that  if  anyone  should  defend  the  dead 
man,  and  ne  should  be  convicted,  tnis  person  snould 
be  held  to  the  same  penalty,     'fhey  thought  it  unjust 
even  to  aid  those  who  deserted  tne  rest;,  and  tnat 
one  who  rescued  a  traitor  would  likewise  betray  tne 
city.     By  so  hating  wrong-doers,  and  uy  such  de- 
crees against  them,  they  gained  immunity  from  dangers. 
Take  the  decree,  cleric,  and  read  it  to  the  jury. 

DECREE 

(115)  You  hear  tnis  decree,  gentlemen.  Later 
they  dug-  up  the  bones  of  the  traitor  and  removed  tnem 
from  Attica,  put  to  death  nis  defenders,  Aristarchus 


71 

and  Alexicles,  and  did  not  permit  them  even  to  be 
buried  in  the  country.     V/hen  you  have  the  person 
alive  in  your  nands  who  betrayed  the  city,  will 
you  let  him  go  unpunished?     (116)   Sill  you  really 
be  so  much  inferior  to  your  forefatners  as  to  acquit 
the  man  as  guiltless  who  deserted  the  people,  not 
in  word,   but  in  fact,  v.nen  they  inflicted  one  extremest 
penalties  upon  those  who  by  word  only  aided  a 
traitor?    Hay,   indeed,  gentlemen  of  the   jury.     it  is 
not  traditional  with  you  to  vote  in  a  manner  unworthy 
of  yourselves,  for  if  a  single  decree  of  this  kind 
had  ever  ueen  passed,  one  might  say  that  the  people 
had  done  it  in  anger  and  not  according  to  facts.  But 
when  they  exacted  the  same  penalty  from  all  alike, 
isn't  n  clear  that  they  naturally  waged  war  upon 
such  conduct?     (117)     i'hey  punished  Hipparchus,  son  of 


Charmus,  with  death  because  he  did  not  stand 
trial  for  treason  before  the  people,   but  defaulted 
tne  suit.     And  wnen  they  did  not  get  his  person 
as  security  for  tne  Grime,   they  took  down  his 
statue  from  tne  acropolis,  melted  it,  and  made  a 
stele,  voting  to  inscribe  on  it  the  names  of  the 
offenders  and  traitors.     i'ne  names  of  Eipparchus 
himself  and  other  traitors  were  placed  on  it.  (116) 
Clerk:,  please  take  and  read,  first,  the  decree 
according  to  which  the  statue  was  removed  fron  tne 
acropolis,  then  the  inscription  on  the  suele,  and  the 
names  of  the  traitors  afterward  added  to  it. 

DECREE  AND  il'SCBIPTIOU  Oil  'fHE  3SB9 
(119)  How  do  your  ancestors  appear  to  you, 
gentlemen?    To  think  as  you  do  aoout  criminals?  ,»hen 
they  could  not  get  tne  person  of  one  traitor  into 


their  power,  do  they  not  seem  to  have  taken  his 
memorial  away  and  punished  him  with  what  penalty 
they  could,  not  merely  by  melting  the  brazen  statue, 
but  in  order  to  leave  benind  forever  an  example 
to  their  posterity  of  their  feeling  toward  traitors? 

(120)  Take  also  the  other  decree,  concerning 
those  wno  went  to  Decelia  when  the  people  were  be- 
sieged by  the  Lacedemonians,  in  order  that  the  jury 
may  know  that  your  forefathers  inflicted  similar  and 
fitting  penalties  upon  traitors.    Read  it,  clerk. 

DECREE 

(1B1)  You  near  also  this  decree,  gentlemen,  that 
they  condemned  those  v;ho  went  to  Decelia  during  the 
war  and  voted  that  if  any  of  them  v. ere  caught  returning, 
any  Athenian  could  lead  him  before  the  thesmotnetae 
wno,  on  taking  him,  should  hand  him  over  to  one 


executioner  an  tne  barathrum.  At  that  time  they 
punished  in  tnis  way  those  in  the  country  itself 
who  went  away.  And  will  you  not  put  to  death  the 
man  who  fled  from  tne  city  and  country  to  Rhodes 
in  time  ox  war  and  betrayed  trie  people?  If  not, 
how  will  you  presume  to  be  descendants  of  those  men? 

(122)  It  is  v.orth  while  also  to  listen  to  the 
decree  concerning  the  man  who  died  at  Salarnis,  whom 
the  senate,  after  putting  on  garlands,  slew  with  their 
own  hands  because  ne  merely  tried  to  betray  the  city, 
and  in  word  only.    Noble,   indeed,   is  the  decree, 
gentlemen,  and  worthy  of  your  ancestors.     justly  so, 
for  they  not  only  had  fine  spirits  but  also  fine 
sentiments  about  tne  punishment  of  criminals. 

DECREE 

(123)  What  then,  gentlemen?    Does  it  seem  to  you 


75 

who  wish  to  imitate  your  forefathers  that  it  is 
in  accord  With  their  practice  not  to  slay  leocrates? 
When  they  made  way  with  tne  man  who  in  word  only 
betrayed  the  city  when  it  was  in  ruins,  what  is  be- 
coming in  you  to  do  to  the  man  who,  not  in  word,  but 
in  act,  deserted  an  inhabited  city?    Shouldn't  you 
surpass  them  in  the  penalty  you  inflict?    And  when 
tney  punished  in  this  way  those  who  attempted  to  de- 
prive the  people  of  their  safety,  what  should  you  do 
to  the  betrayer  of  the  safety  of  the  state  itself? 
And  when  they  so  punished  the  guilty  to  protect  its 
fair  name,  what  should  you  do  for  it? 

(124)  *phis  is  sufficient  for  you  to  understand 
the  disposition  of  your  forefathers  toward  those  who 
acted  illegally  about  the  city,    you  must  not  fail  to 
hear  the  words  of  the  stele  in  the  senate-house 


76 

concerning  traitors  and  tnose  who  undo  the 
democracy,  for  it  rnakes  judgment  easy  for  you  if 
there  are  many  examples  to  instruct  you.    After  tne 
Thirty  your  fatners  suffered  at  tne  hands  of 
citizens  wnat  no  Greek  ever  dreamed  of.     ./nen  "with 
effort  they  returned  to  their  own  country,  they 
bloated  up  all  the  paths  of  crime,  because  they  had 
experience  and  knew  the  incipient  methods  and 
approaches  of  traitors.     (12b)  They  voted  and  took 
oath  that,  if  anyone  attempted  a  tyranny,  or  betrayed 
the  city,  o±  overthrew  the  democracy,  tne  man  who 
perceived  it  and  slew  tne  betrayer  should  be  puie. 
It  seemed  better  to  them  that  those  v.ho  were  charged 
with  a  crime  should  be  put  to  death  than  that  those 
who  were  actually  experiencing  its  effects  should  oe 
slaves.     In  snort,  taey  ii  nought  that  citizens  should 


77 

live  so  that;  no  one  would  ever  be  suspected  of 
these  crimes.     Please  take  and  read  the  decree. 

DEGREE 

(126)  They  inscribed  this  upon  the  stele, 
gentlemen,  and  placed  it  in  the  senate-house  to 
remind  those  who  came  together  day  by  day  and 
counseled  for  the  country,  of  the  proper  disposition 
toward  such  persons.    And  for  this  xeason  if  anyone 
merely  saw  them  about  to  do  anything  like  this, 
they  swore  to  kill  him.     With  reason,  for  the  punish- 
ment of  othei  crimes  must  oe  arranged  later,   out  of 
treason  and  revolution,   Deforehand.     J?or,  if  you  let 
the  moment  go  by  in  whicn  criminals  are  going  to 
injure  the  country,  it  is  impossible  for  you  to  exact 
a  penalty  from  them  afterward,  because  they  are  already 
become  stronger  than  the  vengeance  of  the  persons  who 


78 

are  wronged. 

(137)  Therefore,  gentlemen,  consider  their 
foresight  and  actions  in  a  worthy  manner,  and  do 
not  forget  in  your  balloting  what  men  your  fore- 
fathers were,   but  summon  yourselves  to  go  from  this 
oourt  after  voting  today  .just  as  they  did.  You 
have  memorials  and  examples  of  the  kind  of  punisnment 
set  forth  in  tneir  decrees  about  criminals,  you 
have  sworn  in  the  decree  of  Demophantei  to  slay  Lne 
betrayer  of  uhe  country  by  word,  deed,  hand  and 
ballot.     Do  not  suppose  that  you  are  to  be  heirs  of 
the  property  of  your  fathers,  but  not  heiis  of  the 
oaths  and  good  faith,  in  giving  which  your  fathers 
shared  with  the  gods  in  the  common  happiness  of  the 
city. 

(128)  Hot  only  your  city  but  the  Lacedemonians 


regarded  traitors  in  this  way.     Do  not  become 
angry  at  me,  gentlemen,  if  I  frequently  call  tnese 
men  to  mind.     It  is  an  advantage  to  get  examples 
of  justice  from  a  well-ordered  state  so  that  each 
of  you  may  more  certainly  cast  a  just  and  lawful 
ballot.     They  caught  Pausanias,  their  own  king,  who 
had  betrayed  Greece  to  the  Persian,  and  ahem  he 
had  secretly  taken  refuge  in  the  sanctuary  of  the 
brazen  house  they  blocked  the  door,  opened  the 
roof,  and  surrounded  the  place  with  soldiers 
who  did  not  go  away  till  he  was  dead.     (1-9)  They 
made  the  punishment  a  warning  to  everyone  tnat 
not  even  tne  protection  of  the  gods  helps  traitors. 
Jor  no  sooner  (are  they  guilty)  tnan  they  are 
impious  toward  the  gods  by  lobbing  them  of  their 
traditional  privileges.     The  highest  testimony  to 


80 

tne  occurrences  there  is  what  I  am  about  to  say. 
They  enacted  a  law  covering  all  those  v/ho  are 
unwilling  to  incur  danger  for  the  country,  ex- 
pressly stating  that  they  shall  die,  and  fitting 
the  penalty  to  exactly  what  they  most  feared  would 
happen,  and  making  safety  from  War  subject  to 
peril  and  shame.     To  show  you  that  I  nave  not  made 
an  improbable  statement,   but  have  used  truthful 
illustrations,  bring  the  law  for  tne  jury  to  hear. 
LAV  OF  THE  LACEDEMtlJIAWS 
(150)  Consider,  gentlemen,  that  the  law  was 
a"  suitable  and  valuable  one  not  only  to  them  but  to 
other  men,  for  a  strong  fear  of  one's  fellow-citizens 
will  compel  a  man  to  undergo  perils  in  the  face  of 
the  enemy.     Who  v. ould  desert  his  country  in  the  midst 
of  dangers  when  he  sees  a  traitor  punished  with  death? 


81 

Or  who  will  regard  his  life  to  the  harm  of  the 
city  when  ne  knowi  that  this  is  tne  punishment 
awaiting  him?    There  should  be  no  other  punish- 
ment fox  cowardice  tnan  death,  because  men  will 
much  sooner  c noose  to  face  their  enemies  tnan  laws 
and  their  fellow-citizens  when  they  knovi  that  they 
must  meet  one  or  the  other  danger. 

(131)  This  man  might  more  justly  die  tnan 
tnose  who  fled  from  the  camps,  in  proportion  as 
they  came  to  the  city  to  fight  for  it,  or  to  share 
in  misf 01  tunes  common  to  other  citizens.     But  this 
creature  fled  from  the  country  to  gain  personal 
security,  without  daring  to  fight  even  for  his  own 
hearth.     He  alone  of  all  men  betrayed  the  attachments 
and  bonds  of  nature,  which  are  of  the  utmost 
importance  even  to  insensate  beasts.     (152)  one  sees 


82 

that  the  birds  willingly  die  for  their  young 
although  they  are  born  foi  flight.  For  that 
reason  the  poets  have  said, 

"Hot  even  a  bird  of  the  wild  will  lay 
its  young  in  another  place  if  its  nest  is  rnade.M 
Leocrates  so  fax  outdoes  it  in  cowardice  that  he 
left  the  country  to  its  enemies,     (133)  Wherefore 
no  city  permitted  him  to  stay  in  it,  but  expelled 
him  more -than  it  did  murderers.     with  reason. 
When  men  escape  trial  for  homicide  by  going  to  another 
city,  they  are  not  received  as  enemies,   out  what 
city  would  welcome  this  man?    one  ..ho  did  not  nelp 
his  country  would  juicicly  undergo  some  danger  for 
a  foreign  onei     Such  men  are  bad  citizens,  guests 
and  friends  in  private  life,  mbm  will  share  the 
advantages  of  a  city  but  will  not  expect  to  help  it 


83 

in  time  of  misfortune.     (154)  As  for  tne  man 
^Jho  is  hated  and  expelled  by  those  who  are  wronged, 
what  should  he  meet  at  your  hands  wno  have  suffered 
so  terribly?    Snould  ne  not  meet  the  extreme  penalty? 
leocxates  of  all  traitors  that  ever  lived  might 
most   justly  undergo  a  greater  punishment  tuan  death, 
if  there  were  one,     For  other  traitors  are  punished 
when  they  are  caught  as  they  are  about  to  commit  a 
crime,  but  this  man  alone  accomplished  what  he  under- 
took and  is  tried  aftei  deserting  trie  city. 

(155)  I  wonder  how  in  tne  v.orld  those  who 
are  going  to  plead  for  him  expect  him  to  be  acquitted? 
Is  it  through  his  friendship  with  them?    But  they 
seem  to  me  to  be  rightly  deserving,  not  of  favor, 
but  of  death,   because  they  dare  to  be  familiar  with 
him.     Before  Leocrates  committed  this  crime  it  was 


84 

unknown  what  sort  of  persons  they  were,  but  now 
everyone  know*  that  they  guard  nis  friendship 
because  tiieir  ways  are  the  same  as  his.     JTor  that 
reason  tney  might  muoh  better  defend  tiiemselves 
tnan  beg  him  off  from  your  verdict. 

(156)  I  think  that  his  dead  father,  if, 
indeed,  the  dead  have  any  perception  of  what  is 
taking  plaet  nere,  would  be  the  severest  judge  of 
all.     His  bronze  statue  in  tne  temple  of  zeus 
Savior  this  man  gave  up  to  the  enemy  to  be  desecrated 
and  abused.     His  father  set  it  up  as  a  memorial  of 
his  moderation.     Leocrates  nas  made  it  ignominious. 
Of  such  a  son  is  tie  called  the  father!     (137)  in 
view  of  this  many  nave  approached  me,  gentlemen, 
inquiring  wny  I  did  not  add  to  trie  indictment  that 
he  had  betrayed  tne  statue  of  his  father  in  tne 


85 

temple  of  zeus  Savior,     I  am  not  ignorant, 
gentlemen,  tnat  this  crime  deserves  the  heaviest 
penalty,  but  I  d id  not  tninK  it  necessary  while 
trying  this  man  ior  treason  to  ada  tne  name  of 
Zeus  Savior  to  the  indictment i 

(136)  I  am  most   astonished  that  you  do  not 
in  your  cai elessness  nave  a  just  and  fierce  wrath 
against  those  wno  are  related  to  defendants 
neither  by  birth  nor  friendship,  yet  plead  for  them 
for  pay.     To  speak  in  defense  of  criminals  is  proci 
tnat  trie  sp  eater  a  would  nave  participated  with  him 
in  their  misdoings.     It  is  not  right  tnat  sicill 
should  be  used  against  you,   but  for  you,  in  behalf 
of  tne  iav<s  and  the  democracy. 

(139)  Besides,  some  of  them  no  longer  seek 
to  deceive  you  by  their  words,   but  now  expect  to 


86 

clear,  tiie  culprits  because  of  tne  liturgies 
which  they  iiave  conducted,     I  am  most  irritated 
at  them.     They  solicit  puolic  favor  from  you  for 
private  advantage  because  they  performed  these 
services.     If  one  has  raised  norses,  or  conducted 
a  chorus  brilliantly,  or  gone  to  expense  for  any 
such  thing,  ne  does  not  deserve  a  favor  from  you, 
because  in  those  matters  ne  alone  is  crowned  and 
profits  no  one  else,  but  if  ne  nas  been  a  con- 
spicuous trier  arch,  or  nas  put  v.  alls  about  the 
country,  or  ne s  contributed  of  his  private  means  to 
the  common  safety,  these  things  are  of  interest  to 
you  all. 

(140)  in  them  one  sees  one  quality  of  the 
contributors,   but  in  tiie  otner  merely  tne  prosperity 
of  those  who  spend  tne  money,     i  think  no  one  nas 


87 

profited  the  city  so  muoii  as  %6  expect  to  receive 
tne  favor  of  exempting  traitors  from  punishment, 
or  anyone  so  stupid  as  to  be  ambitious  for  the 
otty,  yet  to  aid  this  man  wno  erased  nis  own  iionor 
first.     Unless,   by  zeus,  the  fatherland  and  the 
people  nave  not  the  same  interests* 

(141)  ilow  the   judges  engirt  to   be  allov.ed,  gen 
men,  ev<.n  ii"  it  is  permissible  in  no  other  instance, 
to  decide  tne  oase  with  theix  cnildren  and  wives 
sitting  beside  tnem.    At  any  rate,  in  trying  a  case 
ox  treason  it  ougnt  to  be  right  to  do  so.     ^nen  all 
those  wno  nave  shared  the  dangers  may,   by  being 
seen  and  reminding  you  tnat  tney  ?;ere  not  thought 
wortny  of  public  pity,  induce  tne  sterner  judgment 
upon  the  criminal.     But  since  it  is  not  legal  nor 
customary,  but  is  necessary  for  you  do  try  tne  case 


88 

in  tneir  behalf ,  do  you,  after  penalizing  and 
slaying  Leocrates,  proclaim  to  your  children 
and  wives  that  when  you  nad  theii  betrayer  in 
your  power  you  avenged  them. 

(142)  m  is  a  dreadful  and  shameful  thing 
if  Ieo>crates,  the  defendant,  supposes  that  he  should 
be  on  an  e  ual  footing  in  the  city  when  others 
remained.     He  took  no  risks  with  those  who  v^ere  in 
tae  xanks.     He  did  not  protect  the  city  which  they 
saved,  but  is  here  to  share  the  aoly  sacrifices, 
market,  laws,  government,  for  wnose  preservation 
a  thousand  of  your  citizens  died  at  Chaeronia,  whom 
the  city  gave  a  public  burial,     jaen  he  returned  to 
the  city  ne  found  no  pleasure  in  the  epitaphs  in- 
scribed on  the  memorials,  Dut  shamelessly  thinks 
he  may  bring  tneir  misfortunes  before  the  eyes  of  the 


89 

sufferers.     (145)  And  ne  will  soon  ask  you  to 
listen  to  iiis  defense  as  the  laws  prescribe. 
Do  you  ask  Jiim,  "7/nat  laws?"    Laws  which  tie  went 
off  and  left.    And  bo  permit  niin  to  dwell  within 
tne   ..alls  of  the  country.     "V/nat  walls?"  Those 
which  he  alone  of  our  citizens  did  not  help  pro- 
tect.   And  he  vail  call  upon  tne  gods  to  save  him 
from  dangers.     "Vsnat  gods'?"     Isn't  it  those  vmuse 
temples  and  statues  and  glebes  he  betrayed?  He 
will  beg  and  supplicate  you  to  pity  him.  "Supplicate 
whom?"    is  it  not  those  with  whom  he  did  not  have 
tne  courage  to  oring  tne  same  support  for  their 
safety  wnich  they  did?    Let  nim  supplicate  the 
Rnodians,  for  he  tnought  nis  safety  lay  with  their 
city  rather  tnan  with  nis  own  country.     (14-4)  v/nat 
age  can  justly  pity  nim?    The  old  men?    on  his  part 


90 

lie  did  not  give  them  bis  support  in  old  age, 
nor  burial  in  the  free  soil  of  the  fatherland. 
Or  the  younger  men?     ijfho  could  remember  his  com- 
rades arrayed  (at  Chaeronia)  with  nim  and  snaring 
the  same  dangers,  and  save  the  betiayer  01  their 
tombs,  and  by  the  same  ballot  charge  those  with 
insanity  wno  died  for  freeaorn,   and  acquit  the 
man  who  deserted  the  countiy,  and  do  so  on  the 
ground  that  ae  is  a  well-meaning  person?    (14b)  You 
will  simply  give  license  to  anyone  who  wishes  to 
do  so  to  abuse  tne  people  and  yourselves  in  ewry 
way,  for  not  only  will. the  banished  return  wnen  the 
man  lives  in  our  country  and  city  who  left  and  con- 
demned nimself  to  exile  and  dwelt  in  Liegara  five 
or  six  years  under  a  patron,  but  also  plainly  by  his 
decision  c  ondeoined  Attica  to  become  a  sheep-pasture. 


91 

This  man  is  your  fellow-dweller, — in  thljS  countryl 

(146)  I  am  ready  to  leave  the  platform  after 
speaking  to  you  briefly,  and  presenting  the  deoree 
which  the  people  passed  concerning  piety.     It  is 
important  for  you  who  are  to  cast  your  ballot. 
Please  read  the  decree. 

DECREE 

I  charge  you  who  have  authority,  to  punish 
the  man  who  did  away  with-  all  these  things,  and 
that  it  is  your  business  to  punish  Leocrates  for 
your  own  and  the  gods1  sake.     For  crimes  while 
untiied  relate  "oo  the  perpeti ators ,   but  when  a  trial 
comes  on  tne  responsibility  rests  upon  those  who  do 
not  properly  punish  them.     Be  sure,  gentle men ,  that 
each  of  you,  though  now  casting  a  secret  ballot, 
will  make  plain  to  the  gods  what  his  attitude  is. 


92 

(147)  I  oelieve,  gentlemen,  that  today  you  are 
casting  a  single  ballot  about  all  great  and 
heinous  crimes,   for  all  of  whicu  one  flaky  see  that 
Leoorates  is  responsible;  for  treason,   because  he 
made  the  city  subject  to  its  enemies  by  deserting 
it;  for  the  destruction  of  the  democracy,   be  cause 
he  did  not  face  danger  in  behalf  of  freedom;  for 
impiety,   because  he  aided,  so  far  as  he  co  uld,  the 
ruin  of  tne  glebe  lands  and  the  destruction  of  trie 
temples,  and  the  abuse  of  parents  by  ooliterating 
their  monuments  and  rdtfbing  them  of  the  traditional 
rites;  for  desertion  and  shirking  service  by  not 
offering  himself  to  6he  generals  to  be  placed  in  the 
ranks.     (148)  Tnen  Will  anyone  ac  .uit  this  man  and 
have  compassion  for  his  delioerate  crimes?  is 
there  anyone  so  stupid  as  "go  save  him  and  give  up 


95 

nis  own  safety  to  men  who  are  willing  to  desert? 
Or  to  pity  him  ana.  uo  choose  to  destroy  Himself 
and  go  unpitied  by  nis  enemies?    Or  by  according 
favor  to  one  betrayer  of  the  country  to b  e  subject 
to  the  vengeance  of  the  gods? 

(149)  in  support  of  the  country,  its 
sanctities  and  its  laws,  I  bring  this  suit  to  a 
close  in  a  proper  and  just  v;ay,  without  denouncing 
the  rest  of  his  life  or  making  a  charge  outside 
the  matter  in  nand.     Each  of  you  ought  to  consider 
that  the  man  who  acquits  Leocrates  is  condemning 
the  country  to  death  and  slavery,  and  b\hat,  ox 
the  two  urns  standing  there,  one  represents  treason, 
tne  other  safety,  and  onat  the  ballots  are  cast, 
so  Die  for  the  ruin  of  tne  country,  some  for  its 
safety  and  happiness.     (150)  if  you  ac  tuit  Leocrates 


94 

you  will  vote  to  betray  it,  its  shrines  and  its 
ships.    But  if  you  put  him  to  death  you  will 
summon  yourselves    to  guard  and  preserve  the 
country,  its  revenues  and  its  prosperity. 

[Therefore,  Athenians,  deeming  that  your 
land  and  its  trees  supplicate  you,  that  your 
harbors  and  dockyards  and  the  walls  of  the  city 
implore  you,  that  your  temples  and  shrines 
expect  you  to  uphold  them,  make  an  example  of 
Leocrates,  remembering  the  accusations  and  seeing 
to  it  that  pity  and  tears  do  not  have  more  in- 
fluence with  you  than  the  punishment  due  the  laws 
and  the  people. 


q  sns  as 


x  Glossary 

ACROPOLIS.     The  hill  in  the  midst  of  Athens, 
sacred  to  Athena,  on  which  were  her  temple,  the 
Parthenon,  and  numerous  buildings  and  shrines. 

AGORA.  A  meeting  place  probably  just  north 
of  the  west  end  of  the  acropolis.  Around  it  v;ere 
many  puolic  ouildings,  colonnades  and  works  of  art. 

AREOPAGUS.    A  hill  juss  west  of  tne  acropolis 
believed  to  be  the  home  of  the  F&ries.     Tne  word 
means  'Hill  of  Ares'.    An  ancient  court,  called  the 
court  of  the  areopagus,  heard  murder  cases  and,  at 
this  time,  was  enarged  with  various  administrative 
duties. 

AREOPAGITES.    Members  of  the  areopagitic  court. 

ARTEMIS  BRAURONIA.    Artemis  is  so  called  because 
sne  was  worshipped  at  a  festival  every  fifth  year 
at  a  small  village  called  Brauron. 

ASSEMBLY.     A  meeting  at  whicn  all  Athenians 
not  under  some  civil  disability  met  to  discuss  and 
vote  upon  such  matters  as  came  before  them. 


CM  9 


8X1  tf  Jt>8. 


1  38'lA 


58' 


I  10 

tM  am 


,38loWA 


97 


BARATHRUM.     A  cleft  into  which  criminals 
were  thrown. 

CHORUS.     A  Dance.     Here  signifies  the 
choral  part  of  a  Greek  play  which  was  chanted  to 
timed  movements  of  the  body. 

DEGREE.    An  action  by  the  assembly  upon  some 
special  matter.    Action  upon  a  genera},  matter  was 
called  a  law. 

DEME.     Means  a  district,  the  people,  tne 
assembly  in  session,  the  constitution,  as  the  case 
may  be.     (Gf.  democracy.) 

DRACHMA.     A  coin  worth  about  eighteen  cents. 

ELEUSIUIA.    Refers  to  the  celebrations  in  honor 
of  Demeter  and  Persephone  at  which  elaborate  ceremonies 
ushered  initiates  into  the  Mysteries',  as  they  were 
called.     These  initiations  were  secret  and  little  is 
known  about  them  although  they  were  performed  during 
several  centuries. 

ELEVEN,  THE.    A  board  charged  with  carrying  out 
the  sentences  of  the  courts.     The  prison  board. 


98 


EPHEBI.     Name  given  to  young  men  on  reaching 
the  age  of  eighteen  when,  for  two  years,   they  did 
military  duty  before  becoming  full  citizens. 

EPONYMI.     Title  of  certain  renowned  persons 
of  antiquity,  mostly  legendary,  like  Heracles, 

GODDESSES  US1  THE  AEROPAGUS,  or  HOLY  GODDESSES. 
Refers  to  the  juries,     see  AREOPAGUS. 

HELIAbT.    Name  given  to  the  memoers  of  the 
jury  courts. 

HEROES.    A  Greek  word  with  no  meaning  sucn  as 
it  has  in  English.     It  refers  to  ancient  characters 
of  renown,  many  of  them  legendary,  like  Heracles 
or  Aegeus. 

JURY.     Six  taousand  jurymen  were  cnosen  each 
year.    Usually  they  sat  in  five  hundreds  or  units 
of    that  number. 

HIPPARUH.    A  general  of  cavalry. 

LAKY.     See  Deuree. 

LIl'UR^Y.    A  special  service  performed  for  the 


99 

state  by  the  wealthier  citizens. 

MARKET,    A  place  slightly  nortn  west  of  the 
acropolis  wnere  men  congregated.    Near  it  were 
numerous  public  buildings,  colonnades,  shrines, 
statues. 

MEDIMNUS.    A  measure  equal  to  about  a  bushel 
and  a  half. 

MM  f  plural  MKAE).    A  sum  of  money  equal 
to  about  eignteen  dollars. 

MUIIYCHIA.     Name  of  the  acropolis  of  Piraeus, 
the  seaport  of  Athens* 

PIRAEUS.     The  seaport  of  Athens,  four  miles 
away  from  the  city. 

PANATHENAEA.    A  celebration  at  Athens 
every  fifth  year  in  nonor  of  Athena,  consisting  of 

solemn  processions,  games  and  other  exercises. 

» 

PRYTA1JES.    Name  given  to  a  section  of  the 
senate  when  this  section,  in  its  turn,  acted  as 
committee  to  prepare  business  for  the  senate  or  the 
assembly. 


•  v.Jitt         ©oil  x&wa 


1U  i.  Jut>' 


•  ^iuUtH)  Jo 


100 

PRYTANEUM.    A  building  (otherwise  called 
TKOLUS)  where  certain  officers  were  dined  and 
where  foreign  dignitaries  were  entertained,  its 
privileges  were  also  given  to  citizens  who  had 
distinguished  themselves  and,  at  times,  to  their 
descendants  in  perpetuity.     Occasionally  foreigners 
who  had  done  some  favor  to  the  state,  were  likewise 
entertained  at  public  expense. 

SENATE.    A  body  of  five  hundred  men  elected 
yearly  and  constituting  an  1  upper  house1,     it  had 
some  other  duties,  but  chiefly  its  function  was  to 
prepare  business  to  be  presented  to  tne  assembly. 

STATER.     A  coin.     The  Athenian  gold  stater 
was  worth  about  three  dollars  and  twenty  five  cents. 
The  silver  stater  was  worth  about  sixty  cents. 

STELE  (plural  STELAE).    A  slab  of  marble 
or  metal  large  enough  to  permit  an  inscription  upon 
it.     STELAE  were  set  up  in  the  city,  or  at  any 
appropriate  place. 

SYCOPHANT.     This  word,   in  Greek,  came  to  mean 
a  blackmailer.     Its  Greek  form  is  used  several  times 
in  the  text,     it  did  not  mean,  as  with  us,  a  cringing 


D  9  J  13 


LIB  £ 


101 


person, 

TALENT.    A  measure  of  weight.    As  a 
sum  of  money,  it  was  equal  to  about  twelve  hundred 
dollars, 

THESMOTHETAE.    Name  of  a  committee  consisting 
of  the  six  junior  archons  who  revised  the  laws, 
and  attended  to  certain  other  duties. 

THIRTY ,  THE.     Title  of  an  oligarchic  govern- 
ment placed  in  charge  of  Athens  after  the  democracy 
was  set  aside  in  404. 

TRIERARCH.     The  commander  of  a  trireme, 

TRIERAROHIC  LAYir.    Refers  to  a  law  dealing 
with  the  support  of  the  navy.     The  'three  hundred1 
mentioned  in  this  connection  refers  to  the  richer 
citizens  who  were  protesting  a  change  in  the  law  which 
would  tnrow  still  heavier  expense  upon  them. 

TRIREME.     War  vessel  having  three  banks  of 

oars. 


10 1 


Joe  aaw 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS  URBANA 

881L8L.EM  C001 
LYCURGUS 


3  0112  023807891 


